tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25593376321539325972024-03-08T15:59:50.888-08:00Persuasive essay exampleMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.comBlogger207125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-35769403671493335052020-08-27T09:53:00.001-07:002020-08-27T09:53:09.801-07:00Personal Marketing PlanQuestion: What are a portion of these assets, and in what capacity may they be useful to you in figuring your arrangement? Answer: To depict my private concern exercises in achieving explicit promoting destinations inside the predefined time period, it needs a complete documentation to diagram individual publicizing and advertising endeavors. During the procedure of the detailing of the promoting plan, I will look through different assets, for example, online library, books, diaries, research papers for better understanding the proposed showcasing technique. This is the establishment venture to give all endeavors to advance (Vargas-Hernndez Jimenez, 2016). All the gathered assets will give an appropriate manual for showcasing, key arranging of the business, publicizing and advancement, and deals need age during the usage of my own promoting plan (Van Valen et al. 2016). References: Vargas-Hernndez, J. G., Jimenez, R. A. (2016). Individual Marketing Plan and Its Influence on Employability.RESPONSIBLE MARKETING FOR SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS, 63. Van Valen, E., Martin, N., Chaudhary, K., Mann, K. (2016). Cobys Marketing Plan. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-15703258916467826382020-08-22T11:29:00.001-07:002020-08-22T11:29:36.267-07:00Romeo and Juliet Act3 Scene 1What occurs in Act 3 Scene 1? It is a pivotal scene, a defining moment and it decides the remainder of the activity. It is a strained and energizing scene for the crowd and appalling simultaneously. In this scene, not long after Romeo and Juliet mystery marriage, Tybalt murders Mercutio and afterward Romeo slaughters Mercutio to deliver retribution. At that point, Romeo is expelled from Verona. Paragraph1: Why were strain and energy made? Mercutio isn't feeling acceptable yet he is in contentious state of mind, he appears angry.The crowd is set up for the way that a battle will happen (strain and tension are fabricated). He discloses to Mercutio that on the off chance that somebody is feeling awful, everything even an immaterial reason will end to a battle. Benvolio is cautioning Mercutio that since it is a hot day he makes certain there will be a battle (and in the event that we meet we will not scape a fight Benvolio). He proposes Mercutio that they ought to return home. The solid utilization of jargon and exemplification here builds the strain. until further notice, these hot days, is the distraught blood blending, Benvolio). We realize that a battle is unavoidable. The utilization of imagery with awhiskers in facial hair, popping nuts and so on make the crowd significantly increasingly stressed for what will occur after (thou, why, thou shrink squabble with a man that hath a hair less in his whiskers than thou hast, Mercutio). When Tybalt shows up, the environment promptly changes, getting a lot tenser, as a result of his perilous notoriety, yet he stays gracious to Mercutio as Mercutio isn't his genuine target.Mercutio utilizes provocative language towards Tybalt and Tybalt responds likewise (make it a word and a blow, Mercutio) (you will discover me able enough to that sir, a you give me an explanation, Tybalt) Tybalt tells Mercutio with incongruity that he spends time with Romeo, so Mercutio blows up and compromises. It is clear that he won't pull back c alling him aa villaina (Romeoaâ ¦ thou craftsmanship a scoundrel, Tybalt). This is an incredible affront to Romeo who is of respectable birth. He attempts to stir something up with Romeo and he denounces Romeo to offend him in the expectation of stirring up some dust. The crowd receives negative sentiments towards Tybalt. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-43267101104642793442020-08-21T09:11:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:11:34.290-07:00Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Just How Nerdy Is the Sloan Sports Analytics Conference Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Just How Nerdy Is the Sloan Sports Analytics Conference Although quantifying a schoolâs profile certainly does not tell you everything, it can sometimes be helpful in simplifying the many differences between the various MBA programs. Each week, we bring you a chart to help you decide which of the schoolsâ strengths speak to you. The nerd/geek label seems, by todayâs standards, a fairly imprecise one, perhaps to the chagrin of analysis-minded nerds/geeks themselves. Case in point: the not-so-easily-pigeonholed attendees of MIT Sloanâs sixth annual Sports Analytics Conference, which was held at the beginning of March. Deadspin fortunately compiled a handy ethnographic survey to make sense of this gathering of nerds. With an exacting margin of error of merely 13%, a representative cross-section of conference participants were questioned (including Nate Silver, whose response naturally included a decimal point), in an attempt to find out just what sort of people are drawn to the event. The findings? Although classic high school stereotypes may have been few and far between (almost half reported that they were âless nerdyâ than the average conference attendee), Deadspin noted the prevalence of a very different breed of nerd: business school nerds, who, while perhaps not analysts themselves, hire analysts: âThe word ânerdâ is a brand now and that is horrifying.â Share ThisTweet B-School Charts Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Sloan) Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-48275554252892702302020-05-25T15:00:00.001-07:002020-05-25T15:00:03.902-07:00Essay on Overcoming Dyslexia - 1472 Words Overcoming Dyslexia The teacher walked to the front of the room with her book in hand and as she got closer to the front, Paul got lower in his seat. He knew what was coming next; it was time for the class to read the next chapter. The teacher would start reading and then call on different students to read as they moved through the chapter. This scared Paul right down to his toes. He had read in front of the class before, but it was what followed after class that worried him the most. The taunts from the other students like ââ¬Å"retardâ⬠or ââ¬Å"are you stupid or what?â⬠This type of relentless teasing would continue until gym class where he could hold his own ground again. He did not have any problems in gym; class he was good at sportsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(Reid 3) With this definition in mind, we can start to see the hardships and difficulties experienced by the Dyslexic individual in a society so dependent on written language. The cause of dyslexia is not completely known. One of the most widely recognized theories is that dyslexia is a genetically based neurological problem. It has also been argued that dyslexia could be caused during early fetal development. Some researchers have suggested that problems with dyslexia may be caused by defects in the inner ear that cause problems with word and sound decoding. Researchers continue to look for the cause of dyslexia, a possible cure, and ways to cope with the disorder (Wood Grigorenko 503-11). A person with dyslexia can have many reading problems. Letters are often reversed for them so a q might look like a p and vice versa. Words can be read backwards and letters can be all jumbled up, they would see the word pot, but would read it as top. Words such as off may look like of or on. Dyslexics that might read aloud would probably stumble over words or say them completely wrong; if someone were reading aloud to them, it would be hard to follow. Words on one page may be read correctly the first time, but later on they would be unable to recognize that same word. Reading for dyslexics requires that sentences be read more than once for complete understanding of the meaning, whereas ifShow MoreRelatedA Child Is Having A Problem Reading Even After Lots Of1617 Words à |à 7 PagesThe child may have a reading problem called dyslexia. Having dyslexia does not mean that a child will never read, but it does mean that this child will learn to read in a different way than most c hildren of the same age. ââ¬Å"While dyslexia can make reading more difficult, almost all individuals with dyslexia can learn to read.â⬠(International Dyslexia Association website) Most people take reading for granted, but that is not so for a child that has dyslexia because reading may be hard to nearly impossibleRead MoreFiguring Out The World Of Dyslexia922 Words à |à 4 PagesEnglish 1-2 21 March 2017 Figuring Out the World of Dyslexia When hearing the word Dyslexia what comes to mind? Nothing? Knowing the basic concepts about dyslexia can help teacher get a better understanding to help students improve and excel in school. It helps the students with improving their comprehension skills and getting a better grasp on phonics skills. Lastly, it can improve preparations for test and or quizzes. The problems caused by dyslexia will be reviewed with the goal of better understandingRead MoreReading On Reading Disabilities And Dyslexia2195 Words à |à 9 Pagesstruggle with reading disabilities in general, including dyslexia may not have the easiest time overcoming it. Not being able to read may lead to other issues with spelling, grammar, and general comprehension of material. This literature review will be covering many previous done studies that focus on reading disabilities and dyslexia. Through examining this literature it should give some answer to my overall thesis, which is how is dyslexia connected to readi ng disabilities and what can be done toRead MoreCase Files for Two Students Essay659 Words à |à 3 Pagesdifficulty suggests that he experiences a working memory deficit. Therefore, in the process of bringing Dustins comprehension skills back up to grade level his instructor should be mindful of his working memory deficit. Louisa Moats acknowledges that overcoming disinterest when teaching older students to read is paramount (2001, p.37); accordingly then, providing Dustin with literature that he will find interesting, such as articles on computers and/or computer games, is fundamental to the process of improvingRead MoreDyslexia As A Learning Difficulty3266 Words à |à 14 Pages(2009) defined dyslexia as ââ¬Å"a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spellingâ⬠(Rose, 2009). Dyslexia is classed as a Specific Learning Difficulty; it is neurological rather than psychological or physical. Research shows that dys lexia is inherited through genetics, with roughly 15 % of the British population carrying the genetic profile linked to dyslexia (The British Dyslexia Association , 2015). It is also noted that dyslexia occurs independentlyRead MoreBenefits of Using the Phonics Method to Teach Children to Read1698 Words à |à 7 PagesPhonics also helps children who have learning disabilities such as; dyslexia, Down syndrome, language impairment, hearing impairments, development delay, or children who are learning English as a second language. Over 180 research findings have revealed that phonics is the best and only way to teach children with dyslexia and other disabilities (About Dyslexia Reading Problems |). Some of the research states that a child with dyslexia brain can be rewired through the teaching of phonics. Phonics especiallyRead MoreEssay on Developmental Coordination Disorder1160 Words à |à 5 PagesAdditional impairments have been noted. These include: anxiety, depression, short-t erm memory problems, and attention problems (Appleford School, 2008; Vasconcelos, 2009). As such, a variety of comorbid disorders have also been identified, such as ADHD, dyslexia, and Aspergerââ¬â¢s syndrome. Due to the high prevalence of co-occurrence, some psychologists question whether DCD is ââ¬Å"reliably distinguishable from the features of other developmental disordersâ⬠(Henderson Henderson, 2003, p. 9). Even if that wereRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Classroom2069 Words à |à 9 Pagesspecial education strategies. In this essay, I am going to suggest some educational skills and strategies for managing and teaching students with dyslexia in Mathematics lessons. Dyslexia Dyslexia is a common type of specific learning difficulty. For Chinese speakers in Hong Kong, there is around 10% of the population who has dyslexia. Students with dyslexia may have disorders in language, memory or thinking. They may be intelligent and do well in other areas but have difficulties in reading, spellingRead More Various Learning Disabilities1834 Words à |à 8 Pagescommon learning disability in reading is called dyslexia. Reading problems occur in a student when they have difficulty understanding sounds, letters, and words. Dyslexia can also include an inability to grasp meaning of words, phrases, and paragraphs. The US National Library of Medicine states dyslexia is a reading disability that occurs when the brain does not properly recognize and process certain symbols. The website continues to explain dyslexia is not caused by vision problems. (Goldenring,Read More Speech and Language Disorders Essay2774 Words à |à 12 Pagesoften years behind their classmates (Nat ional Institutes of Health, 1993, p1). Reading disabilities include problems with word decoding, comprehension and processing. Many who suffer from these problems have what is called dyslexia, a developmental reading disorder. Dyslexia is widespread, ââ¬Å"affecting 2 percent to 8 percent of elementary school childrenâ⬠(Turkington, p11, 2003). Reading is a complex task that takes the collaboration of many skills to work. Even if just one of the components is Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-36489627192588592842020-05-14T21:17:00.001-07:002020-05-14T21:17:02.868-07:00Oedipus Rex â⬠The Women Essay - 2731 Words Oedipus Rex ââ¬â The Women Charles Segal in Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge explains the protagonistââ¬â¢s concern for Jocastaââ¬â¢s burial in Sophoclesââ¬â¢ Oedipus Rex: Oedipus turns from his utter desolation and abasement to something of his old air of command, albeit in a chastened and softened tone. He asks Creon to expel him from Thebes as quickly as he can and gives orders for Jocastaââ¬â¢s burial (1446ff), a gesture of concern and responsibility characteristic of the Oedipus we saw in the opening scenes(73). Oedipusââ¬â¢ attitude toward Jocasta in death ââ¬â is it the same as in life? This essay will answer the previous question and many other questions regarding women in Oedipus Rex.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The critic Ehrenberg warns that it ââ¬Å"may lead to ââ¬Ëhubrisââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (74-75). Throughout the drama Sophocles draws out an ongoing contrast between the ââ¬Å"godlike masteryâ⬠of the king and the softer, more balanced and selfless characteristics of Jocasta, his wife. She is a foil to Oedipus. Shortly thereafter Creon, Jocastaââ¬â¢s brother, is returning from the Delphic oracle with the fateful words of the godââ¬â¢s command: ââ¬Å"He fell; and now the gods command is plain: /Punish his takers-off, whoeer they be.â⬠Immediately Oedipus boldly launches a campaign to do what is best for his people and for himself: I also, as is meet, will lend my aid To avenge this wrong to Thebes and to the god. Not for some far-off kinsman, but myself, Shall I expel this poison in the blood; For whoso slew that king might have a mind To strike me too with his assassin hand. Oedipus, in his public proclamation regarding punishment for the killer of King Laius, shows more lenient treatment toward the guilty party if he confesses his crime: ââ¬Å"I summon him to make clean shrift to me./And if he shrinks, let him reflect that thus /Confessing he shall scape the capital chargeâ⬠. Oedipus, in his cross-examination of the holy man Teiresias, shows his mastery to be more human and less godlike: ââ¬Å"Monster! thy silence would incense a flint. /Will nothing loose thy tongue? Can nothing melt thee, /Or shake thy dogged taciturnity?â⬠The king is confronted with Teiresiasââ¬â¢Show MoreRelated Women in Oedipus Rex Essay2712 Words à |à 11 PagesWomen in Oedipus Rexà à à à à à à à à à à à Charles Segal in Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge explains one of the pivotal functions of Jocasta in Sophoclesââ¬â¢ Oedipus Rex: à The second series begins with Jocasta. . . .Now Oedipus is pursuing the killer as possibly the same as himself. . . . In this set his goal shifts gradually from uncovering the murderer to discovering his own parents. The confidence and power that he demonstrated in the first series of encountersRead More Significance of the Women in Oedipus Rex Essay2638 Words à |à 11 Pagesthe Women in Oedipus Rexà à à à à à à à à Michael J. Oââ¬â¢Brien in the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, maintains that there is ââ¬Å"a good deal of evidence to support this viewâ⬠that the fifth century playwright was the ââ¬Å"educator of his peopleâ⬠and a ââ¬Å"teacherâ⬠. Sophocles in his tragedy, Oedipus Rex, teaches about ââ¬Å"morally desirable attitudes and behavior,â⬠(4) and uses three women to help convey these principles of living. This essay will explore the role of women in theRead MoreGods vs. Mortals in Oedipus Rex the Bacchae1572 Words à |à 7 PagesDionysus. In the stories Oedipus Rex and The Bacchae, these gods conflict with men that are not just average mortals, but respected kings. Although the political position of these kings makes them feel superior to all, the gods in the two stories show them that immortals are far superior to any man. In this way, Oedipus Rex and The Bacchae present a tension between politics and religion, the result of which reveals that religion indubitably prevails. In Oedipus Rex, the presence of religionRead MoreEssay on The Arrogance and Hubris of Oedipus and Creon724 Words à |à 3 PagesCreon they would first have to look at the story of Oedipus the King. In Oedipus the King, a plague has fallen upon the city of Thebes. Forced to take action Oedipus sends Creon to the oracle in Delphi to rid the city of this plague. Creon returns with the message, the plague will end when the murderer of Laius, the former king of Thebes, is caught and expelled; the murderer is within the city. Tiresias tells Oedipus that he is the murderer. Oedipus accuses both Creon and Tiresias of a conspiracyRead More Horror and Self-punishment in Sophocles Oedipus Rex850 Words à |à 4 PagesHorror and Self-punishment in Sophocles Oedipus Rex An ancient plate portraying Oedipus listening to the riddle of the Sphinx. Oedipus Rex is a play whose qualities of inscrutability and of pervasive irony quickly come to complicate any critical discussion. It is a play of transformations in which things change before our eyes as we watch; where meanings and implications seem to be half-glimpsed beneath the surface of the text only to vanish as we try to take them in; and where ironical resemblanceRead MoreThe Flaws Of Arrogance In Oedipus Rex By Sophocles796 Words à |à 4 PagesBenjamin Whichcote once said, ââ¬Å"None are so empty as those who are full of themselves.â⬠The words ring true through the character Oedipus whose tragic flaw of arrogance brought his downfall. In his timeless play, Oedipus Rex, author Sophocles unflinchingly illuminates the haughtiness and hubris displayed by the hero Oedipus. Through his candid exploration of the ship/captain and light/dark motifs, Sophocles makes an effort to ultimately bring the reader to the realization that arrogance creates anRead MoreA Dolls House As A Tragic Hero Analysis967 Words à |à 4 PagesA tragic hero is defined as a person ââ¬Å"who has achieved, or who has the ability to achieve greatness but who through a weakness, or tragic flaw in his character, falls into the depths of misery and often to his deathâ⬠(Ingham 1). Within Oedipus Rex, Sophocles laid the foundation for what is now considered the ideal tragic hero. Within A Dollââ¬â¢s House, Ibsen creates a modern hero in Nora Helmer; a woman who was oppressed for going against social rules for saving her husband. Nora follows the AristotelianRead MoreComparing The Tragedy Of Sophocles And Henrik Ibsen1147 Words à |à 5 Pageschained to what society told them to do. Oedipus Rex was a tragedy written by Sophocles around 429 BC. His tragedy portrayed Oedipus, a king who was strong, powerful and almighty just as a king should be - in common stories. Ibsen wrote a contemporary tragedy called A Dollââ¬â¢s House. Here he presented Nora, a housewife whose sole purpose in life was to grow up, get married and have kids. Though centuries apart these tragedies both convey the same problem. Both Oedipusââ¬â¢ and Noraââ¬â¢s worlds, though differentRead MoreOedipus Rex Controversy Essay1397 Words à |à 6 PagesCosby was recently accused of drugging and sexually assaulting over fifty women. When he was finally put on trial the judge declared a mistrial. But at the end of the day we have a man famous for his good father character revealed to be a serial rapist. The tale of an ideal male who ultimately creates his own destruction has been constantly seen within history and literature. Take for example Sophoclesââ¬â¢ play of Oedipus Rex, in this play, we learn about a man whose past endeavors and choices causedRead MoreTragedy and Comedy Essay1248 Words à |à 5 Pagesdrama, have consistently achieved this effect. Tragedy, represented by the weeping actorsââ¬â¢ mask, usually features the title characterââ¬â¢s fall from greatness to ruin, guided by the gods or fate. Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, is the epitome of classic Tragedy, as defined by Aristotle (96-101). Here, Oedipus falls from kingship to blindness and exile. Dramaââ¬â¢s other great genre, Comedy, is represented by the laughing actorsââ¬â¢ mask. In Comedy the action is usually propelled by a problem or crisis of Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-27957299779644895582020-05-06T15:43:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:43:30.064-07:00John as Role Model for Husbands in The Yellow Wallpaper Modern day feminists enjoy looking into the past to find examples of female oppression. This tactic is employed in the hopes of demonstrating that oppression of their sex by the evil male populous has been going on for decades. One such work that is cited by feminists to showcase just how terrible women were treated in the first part of the twentieth century is Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. Feminists are quick to point out that the main character in this story is driven down the path of insanity by her uncaring husband. It is of their opinion that John, the main characters husband, consistently neglects her by keeping her locked away upstairs. Other feminists argue that the main character was not actually insane,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He wanted her full, complete recovery to come about in an expedited manner. He obviously was aware of the strain caring for a baby puts upon a lady. Oppressive husbands are more akin to piling all of the burdens of child rearin g and house maintenance upon their wives. Here, we have just the opposite. John did everything within his power to relieve the everyday stresses of his beloved wife by acquiring the services of a nanny. His wife was cognizant of this fact, for she plainly states the John loves her dearly, and hates to have her sick (The Norton Anthology, p. 662). The next myth that needs to be dispelled is that of John keeping his wife locked away in the house, thereby causing her to go insane. Feminists would like us to believe that John locked his wife away in a drab, musty cell, forbidding her to venture outside. The story paints a starkly different picture. At the beginning of the story, the character speaks rather fondly of the room, calling it as airy and comfortable a room as any one need wish (The Norton Anthology, p. 660). By her utterances here, one can quite easily ascertain that she is indeed comfortable in her new surroundings. The character is also of absolute liberty to explore the ro se garden outside at anytime that she wished. This is proven true by two crucial examples from the story. The first is taken from the characters own mouth, from when sheShow MoreRelated Imprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper1439 Words à |à 6 PagesImprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper When asked the question of why she chose to write The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed that experiences in her own life dealing with a nervous condition, then termed melancholia, had prompted her to write the short story as a means to try and save other people from a similar fate. Although she may have suffered from a similar condition to the narrator of her illuminating short story, Gilmans story cannot be coinedRead MoreThere Have Been Multiple Conceptions About ââ¬Å"The Yellow1510 Words à |à 7 Pages There have been multiple conceptions about ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠over the true significance of the story and it has been evaluated by many scholarly writers for several generations. The story was written by the poet Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the nineteenth-century and it conveyed ideas about symbolism, feminism and individualism. It provides the reader with her viewpoint on societyââ¬â¢s subjugation of women by the patriarchal model that reserv ed power for men. The gender ideology stressed that womenRead More`` Yellow Wallpaper `` By Charlotte Perkins Gilman861 Words à |à 4 Pagesphysically, mentally, and socially? In a male dominated society women face many forms of oppression and often times are imprisoned by their expected roles. Women are expected to take on a submissive role and, due to a lack of educational opportunities, are left in a ââ¬Å"state of perpetual childhoodâ⬠(Mary Wollstonecraft). In the short story, ââ¬Å"Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses her personal experiences with confinement to highlight the struggles women face in their quest for freedom of thoughtRead MoreSummary Of The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1584 Words à |à 7 Pagesin Society The true message of what the story ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠implied has been pondered over for several generations along with being evaluated by many scholarly writers. The story was written by the talented poet Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the nineteenth-century and it conveyed many ideas about symbolism, feminism and individualism. It provides the reader with her viewpoint on societyââ¬â¢s subjugation of women by the patriarchal model, which reserved power for men. The gender ideology stressedRead MoreSummary Of The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman And The Novel The Key By Junichiro Tanizaki1694 Words à |à 7 Pageseyes of women, would we see the world a different way? Would we all be considered hysterical? Or would we just all be ââ¬Å"normalâ⬠? In the short story The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins-Gilman and the novel The Key by Junichiro Tanizaki we see the metamorphosis of two women under two very different scenarios. The unnamed woman i n The Yellow Wallpaper is stuck in a room where she transforms into a completely different soul. In The Key, the wife, Ikuko appears to also transition throughout the novelRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman699 Words à |à 3 Pagespoems, a novel, and short stories. She also became a role model for the feminist movement for her unusual image and behavior. In her intriguing short story, ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠, she portrays her feministic point of views. The narrator of ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠is an unnamed woman. She recently had a child and is going through post-partum depression. Her and her family decided to get away for the summer and stay at a mansion. John, her husband, decides to put her in the room upstairs to keep herRead MoreRevision And Patriarchy : Devising The Marginalized Subjugation Of Women1532 Words à |à 7 PagesSociety There have been multiple conceptions about ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠over the true significance of the story and it has been evaluated by many scholarly writers for several generations. The story was written by the poet Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the nineteenth-century and it conveyed ideas about symbolism, feminism and individualism. It provides the reader with her viewpoint on societyââ¬â¢s subjugation of women by the patriarchal model that reserved power for men. The gender ideology stressedRead MoreGender Roles During The 19th Century1492 Words à |à 6 Pages Patriarchy : Are women considered inferior to men? How does gender roles during the 19th century affect the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper? Charlotte Gilmanââ¬â¢s short story ââ¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaperâ⬠, originally printed on the New England Magazine became the model literature of feminism and womenââ¬â¢s oppression after its publication in 1892. Gilman in her short story emphasises the roles of women and their oppression against a male dominant society during the 19th century. According to Elizabeth Careyââ¬â¢sRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1041 Words à |à 5 PagesThe yellow wallpaper is the most obvious symbol in this story. This symbolizes the protagonist s mind named Jane during the 19th century. The yellow wallpaper symbolizes the way women were perceived. The yellow wallpaper includes models, angles and curves so that they contradict each other. we could say that these angles represents the identity of women during the 19th century. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is about the control and attacks the role of women in society. What isRead More Comparing Jane Eyre and Yellow Wallpaper1650 Words à |à 7 PagesSimilarities Between Jane Eyre and Yellow Wallpaper à à There are notable similarities between Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre. These similarities include the treatment of space, the use of a gothic tone with elements of realism, a sense of male superiority, and the mental instability of women. There is a similar treatment of space in the two works, with the larger, upstairs rooms at the summer lodging and at Thornfield Hall being associated Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-81844789391102085312020-05-05T17:53:00.001-07:002020-05-05T17:53:09.053-07:00Foundation of Law for Relationship Matters- MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about theFoundation of Lawfor Relationship Matters and Feminist. Answer: Introduction The foundation of law discussed both the emergence and importance of the rule of law. Basically, the rule of law is currently heard in all aspects of life. It covers the economic aspect, socio-political aspect, human development and currently has also covered the technology aspect in whole. This paper would be a discussion of a case in concern of relationship matters, and feminist legal theory in general. Jonah v White (2012) 48 Fam LR 562] In this case, the main issue case was to decide on the existence of aa de facto relationship. The judge had held that there was no de facto relationship, just a merger of two lives. The determinants that suggested a de facto relationship were; the long relationship of 17 years, a steady sexual relationship without the involvement of other partners but excluding the fact that respondent didn't abandon his family. The defendant provided the applicants with financial support which amounted to a monthly contribution of $3000 for 11 years. Lastly, the respondent financed the applicant's home with $24 000. On the other side, some outcomes suggested that there was no de facto relationship following the provisions of the family act.[1] First of all, there was a fact that each party had its separate home. Secondly, when looking on the side of the respondent, the court found that his household encompassed his family and he also supported his kids. Also, the court found that the respondent's children were young when the relationship started. Another thing that the court examined was the fact that these parties relationship was secret. Furthermore, there was evidence that the respondent told the applicant that if the world demands that he choose between the applicant and his wife, the respondent was without a doubt going to settle on his wife and family. And again, despite the mentioned monthly contribution and the $24,000 for housing, the parties had no joint bank account. Plus, they had never been engaged in joint investments as a couple. They held their properties their respective names. In terms of work and socialization, the applicant's witness brought evidence that parties didn't share with each others friends. On the same token, there is a fact that the respondent got a thriving business where the applicant used to work for some years. Even though the applicant was working, she didn't engage with other defendants business partners. After the end of applicants involvement working at the business, that also ended her engagement with the firm. Conspicuously, the court found that the respondent didn't involve himself in the applicants life in anywhere she lived either between 1996 and 2006 or after 2006. Equally important, the respondent stated that he hoped that their relationship could be permanent, though he conducted it as he perceived it. The judge referred to the respondent's reply when the appellant's counsel, Mr Galloway tried to insist that there was a relationship. To his answer, the respondent said that both parties had a relationship, and had an affair. Something else that defeated the existence of a de facto relationship was the consideration of the time the time that the parties spent together. In particular, the court found that the respondent spent very little time with the applicants family. The judge referred to the statement from the respondent telling the applicant's mother that their relationship wasn't an adventure. In support of this, the judge considered the applicant's affidavit at paragraph 36 and 37. These statements suggested coupledom. Besides, the judge also considered the evidence brought by the applicant's friends. It also didn't insinuate a de facto relationship. At the same time, the court looked at the presumption of a merger or a coupledom. At paragraph 60, the judge gives an explanation of a de facto relationship. He said that such relationship should show that the parties merged their lives to live as a couple on a real a domestic essence for practical purposes. Following this explanation, the judge found grounds of a merger in paragraph 65. The judge found that the parties lived and owned separate homes among other factors. Critical Discussion of Feminist Legal Theory The feminist legal theory is more of a debate on the relation between law and women. These theories appear as a set of opinions, all emerging as factual claims, evaluations, advocacies, as well as other activities interlocked in by thinkers. These theories are different, and they are based on their approaches, objectives, and emphasis. In general, feminism is not attached to any one discipline, but it confers a hypothesis of gender and the different challenges asserted and assumption of achievement of gender-neutrality. In a close look, the general analytic methods focus examining the connection between gender, rules, and practices. However, there are a few critics that refute this notion that feminist study establishes a broader look on gender in relation to social or legal grounds.[2] The feminist legal foundation has recognized the contemporary changes in both legal scholarships as well as feminism. It first started through legal realism, and then transited to law and societal analysis in addition to the crucial legal studies. Also, the focus on feminist legal theory on common law has also turned from the theoretical approach of general law found in books and has moved towards the real applicable law.[3] Even though some theories argue that its hard to obtain such neutrality, a viewpoint on different aspects can help in realizing the need for neutrality. Some of these are the fact that all people need to treat all humans as humans. One of these comments emphasized on the need to study the oppression of animals in order to understand the different forms of oppression in human within a developing justice system.[4] The other aspect is equality. Many countries had for long despised the issue of equality. Taking US as an example, the femist had to go to court so that amendments could be made on the issue of equality in law. At other times, the US supreme court had to step harder on the cases that touched on gender inequalities either they were touching on men or women. In terms of equality, Chamallas, stated that equality under the rule of law demands treating like individuals alike and unlike individuals alike.[5] Certainly, theories have played a major role in developing the roles wome n in addition to promoting their status. Currently, both men and women can occupy different positions in the offices equally. Similar to the way Jonah was working with Ms. White.[6] The other concept of feminism legal theory is in the application of the law. The feminist legal theory has its influence even in law. It starts from law schools to the application in court. For example, almost all books in family law must use feminist legal theory as a one of the guiding principle. In courts, both female and male lawyers articulate matters without a regard to their gender orientation. Also, cases involving a man and a woman are based on legal principles but not their sexual orientation.[7] For example, the concept of equality exists in different legislations such as property ownership, Contracts, Family acts, Marriage acts e.t.c.[8] The issue of marriage, as well as social reproduction, has also been scrutinized by the feminists. In the recent past, the laws development of the privatization sphere as a self-governing field highly contributed to uphold and create gender discrimination.[9] For instance, under the scope of the common law, in marriage, the husband exercised his authority and protection towards his wife.[10] The woman could not contract, create a will, manage her earnings, or own real property. Currently, almost every country has regulation on matters of marriage. For example, the law has now accommodated de facto relationship as a form of union with legal entitlements. In fact, such a provision was unrealistic before the birth of feminism theories. Another contribution came from the Post-Civil Wars. They led to the emergence of legislation that recognized womens earning acts and also gave them property rights. Currently, the law is recognizing even household labor more like work rather than an oblig ation.[11] Conclusion The ninetieth and twentieth centauries have brought the rise of feminism theories, shifting the world to a direction that has led to liberation of women from the oppression of the unjust laws. However, despite the efforts of some of the feminist, the application of law of equality has applied effectively on some parts of the where most of the people are conservative. There is a greater need to increase awareness of equality so that all persons would be able to enjoy the all the rights equally. Biography Morgensen, Scott L., "Theorising Gender, Sexuality And Settler Colonialism: An Introduction" (2012) 2 Settler Colonial Studies https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648839 Catharine A.M., 1989. Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA Williams, Verna L. and Kristin Kalsem, "Social Justice Feminism. U of Cincinnati Public Law Research Paper No. 08-14; UCLA Women's Law Journal, Vol. 18, p. 131, 2010. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1112105 Deckha, Maneesha, "The Salience Of Species Difference For Feminist Theory" (2006) 17 Hastings Womens Law Journal https://repository.uchastings.edu/hwlj/vol17/iss1/2 Chamallas, Martha, Introduction To Feminist Legal Theory (Aspen Publishers, 2nd ed, 2003) Weyrauch, Walter O, Sanford N Katz and Frances E Olsen, Cases And Materials On Family Law (West Pub. Co., 2nd ed, 1994) Cott, Nancy F, Public Vows (Harvard University Press, 1st ed, 2002) Crawford, Bridget. J., The Third Wave's Break from Feminism (2009). International Law in Context. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1361347 Legislations Family Law Act 1975 Cases Jonah White [2012] FamCAFC 200 Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-40886754585235793652020-04-11T05:33:00.001-07:002020-04-11T05:33:01.977-07:00Women in World War II an Example of the Topic History Essays byWomen in World War II The Second World War offered an unexpected opportunity for women to work in various places such as the factories, offices, and military which their men had left as they had gone to fight in Europe. There are eight great women who were known for their struggle and fight during the second world 11 (Library of congress, 2006). Among them were, Toni Frissell, Clare Boothe Luce and Esther Bubley. They were all determined to secure the front-line war assignments. To work as newswomen, they had first to serve as war correspondents. These women endured all the discomforts, frustrations and any type of peril that was associated with the Second World War 11. Some of the womens experiences had also been encountered by the seasoned war correspondent. From time to time, they faced bombing raids from Europe and the Far East. These women were known to cover wide series of World War 11 battlefronts. Additionally, they were much drawn to the overwhelming industrial complex being initiated by the war. Need essay sample on "Women in World War II" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Frissell committed most of her time in war assignment than she could perform her family obligations. Her connection with prominent people in the society made her to pursue well in the frontline. She created images to support the publicity objectives of her subjects. This encouraged the public positively about the fitness of blacks to even handle the most demanding military jobs. On the other hand, Luce considered her war reportage merely time off from her true profession as an author. She also faced house arrest in Trinidad. Unlike the other women Bubley was not haggard to the industrial complex; rather she was more focused on average Americans as dimension of human mobilization. She used her free time in proving her camera skills by snapping wartime subjects around the nations capital (Library of congress, 2006). References Library of Congress. (2006). Women come to The Front : Eight Who Came to the Front., Retrieved on 24 July 2010 from, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/wcf/wcf0010.html Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-43488067431343940722020-03-10T02:56:00.001-07:002020-03-10T02:56:03.920-07:00Whatever ExampleWhatever Example Whatever ââ¬â Essay Example Management MANAGEMENT Functions of Management The major functions of management are planning, leading, organizing, and controlling. Planning involves the setting of goals and objectives, as well as determining the appropriate strategy for achieving these objectives (Robbins & Coulter, 2014). In this case, managers should be aware of external and internal conditions affecting the organization. In the organizing function, the manager is involved in developing the structure of the organization, as well as allocating appropriate human resources to ensure that all future objectives can be accomplished. The organizational structure consists of the framework used in coordinating the organizationââ¬â¢s efforts, which the manager oversees. The third function of management is leading, which involves influencing employees towards achieving the organizationââ¬â¢s goals and objectives. To effectively perform this function, the manager is required to communicate effectively, motivate subordi nates, and use their power effectively. Managers who lead effectively increase their employeesââ¬â¢ enthusiasm in achieving these objectives. Finally, the manager also performs the controlling function, which involves making sure that the performance of their organization and employees does not deviate from set objectives and standards (Robbins & Coulter, 2014). In this case, the manager should establish performance standards, use these standards to compare against actual performance, and take necessary corrective action. Ethics in Management Ethical behavior is an essential aspect of management because managers hold authoritative positions, which make them accountable for their subordinatesââ¬â¢ ethical conduct. As such, the managerââ¬â¢s ethical conduct must set an example for their subordinates. In deciding whether to provide the job applicant with insider information, the manager should not share the information because it is against the employerââ¬â¢s and PMIââ¬â¢s code of professional conduct, especially since it is not honest or fair to other applicants (PMI, 2012). Moreover, this decision is not free from external influence, while there are other alternatives like helping the applicant prepare for the interview. Finally, giving the information will not be beneficial to all concerned, while giving the information will not look like a good decision when made public. Global Managers Managers should understand the global environment because competitors, investors, suppliers, and markets can be anywhere across the globe (Domià nguez, 2011). The manager will have to take advantage of business opportunities wherever they are, thus must be aware of the global environment to benefit from the opportunities. This awareness allows managers to enter new profitable markets and obtain resources from global markets at lower costs than may be possible domestically. In addition, this awareness ensures that managers understand the repercussions of global economic fluctuations, new competitors, and product shortages that could negatively influence the organizationââ¬â¢s ability to access resources or markets. Therefore, the 21st century manager must understand the global forces that affect their business and their ability to appropriately respond to these forces (Domià nguez, 2011). Management Impact Managers can use the 8D process in the workplace with the aim of process improvement, especially when a client issues the organization with a corrective action. This approach involves the inclusion of process experts in a team that is tasked with resolving the problem, description of the problem from the clientââ¬â¢s perspective and statement of actual issues, and identification of action to prevent further complaints from clients (QAS, 2014). Further, the team undertakes root cause verification to identify whether the problem is caused by the method, employee, materials, or machines, as well as implementation of the corrective action. Finally, the team is required to verify the corrective action, take preventive actions against future incidents, and congratulate the team on a job well done (QAS, 2014). References Domià nguez, A. L. (2011). Global management: Strategy, challenges, and uncertainties. New York: Nova Science Publishers PMI. (2012). PMI Ethical Decision-Making Framework. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from Project Management Institute: pmi.org/~/media/PDF/Ethics/Ethical%20Decision%20Making%20Framework%20-%20FINAL.ashx Quality Assurance Solutions. (2014). 8D Problem Solving. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from Basic Tools for Process Improvement : quality-assurance-solutions.com/8D-Problem-Solving.html Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. K. (2014). Management. Boston: Pearson Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-46718918141626823052020-02-22T17:21:00.001-08:002020-02-22T17:21:03.079-08:00Great Days Out For Social Groups Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsGreat Days Out For Social Groups - Article Example The Isle of Wight is the ideal destination when it comes to sailing in the UK. It is most distinctively known for its yachting activities as well as the wide range of sailing events that take place all year round. Sailing is considered to be the most favorite pastime. It mostly takes place in August. There are entertainment facilities for both, the sightseers as well as the sailors. The sailors are offered hire equipments while bars and restaurants are present for the sightseers. One major attraction is also the fireworks that are held on the last Friday of the week.2 Camping is an outdoor activity that has attraction for all age groups and is considered to be one of the most entertaining and healthy outdoor activity and source of entertainment. Activities like swimming, wildlife nature etc is also included in the camping package. Children can take a swim in a nearby lake or pond and spend hours splashing and enjoying in the water, providing that it is safe. Another interest is the wildlife nature. Most people like things that are closest to the nature. Even a small insect can be a source of interest to them. Examination of rocks, flowers, butterflies etc are the major appeal. All these activities are very different from the normal routine life and hence the groups coma back home, relaxed and fresh.3 Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-30253325118694249412020-02-06T10:08:00.001-08:002020-02-06T10:08:03.393-08:00Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3Budgeting - Essay Example Budgets can set aims for attaining a certain level of profits and also maintaining expenses. ââ¬Å"Budgeting can help a company use its limited financial and human resources in a manner which best exploit existing business opportunitiesâ⬠(Budgeting 2013). I will agree the statement of ââ¬Å"management of any business will be ineffective without the preparation and use of budgetsâ⬠. Following are some of arguments that will support to the agreement.Arguments for: - To Help Achieve Organizationââ¬â¢s Goals: Budgets play efficient role in attaining organizational goals in this sense that these are the methods through passing which reach at the goals. In budget development process tries to predict that will productively reach at goals or not. Budgets puts the standards to attain goals and with the assist of these standards firms can assess the fluctuations happen throughout the year and aim to ascertain the cause from deviating from attaining the define objectives. Formulation of the budgets allows the organizational management to react actively to the market circumstances to fast way the goal achievement method. Risk identification would allow organization to adopt procedures that would guide to economic risk minimization. - To Compel Planning: The budget planning method allows the management to recognize and evaluation the impact on the organizationââ¬â¢s cash flows, inventory planning with the balance sheet. It also allows the organization to access their monetary position and their needs of borrowing from the market. ââ¬Å"Budgetary Control is planned to assist the management for policy formulation, planning, controlling and coordinating the general objectives of budgetary controlâ⬠(Chapter 27: Budgeting and Budgetary Control n.d.).A financial budget is a firmââ¬â¢s estimated plan for the future period that will be stated in financial terms. It contains planned expenses, revenues, liabilities, assets and cash flows. It also assists the firm to manage its money and allow the management to create confident monetary decisions and get together his aims in the long run. It can also allow managers to arrange, assess them in detail and to decide on the greatest alternative methods. It also su pports managers to predict troubles before they happen, therefore it provide them time to think alternative methods of overcoming the troubles when it happen. It also assists to arrange for unexpected conditions. Budgeting by planning tends creates better result than a choice made at that moment. - To Communicate Ideas and Plans: In the budgeting procedures, managers in all departments justify the resources they require to get their goals. They justify to their managers the scope and capacity of their activities in addition to how their responsibilities will be performed. ââ¬Å"A financial plan, or budget, is a decision-making tool based on the basic principles of scarcity, choice, and opportunity costâ⬠(Budgeting your financial solutions 2013). The communication among subordinates and superiors assists affirms their mutual obligation to organization goals. Additionally, different units and departments must talk with each other throughout the budget Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-4186865568520286372020-01-28T19:23:00.001-08:002020-01-28T19:23:03.920-08:00Individual Report on Group Summit Essay Example for Free Individual Report on Group Summit Essay Analyzing the process and group dynamics involved in the Summit Agenda, it can be argued that each one member contributed specific approaches to address specific tasks and responsibilities given. These then provided the necessary means to become valuable and effective not only in outlining specific tasks and processes but also allow the group to convey relevant information concerning the purpose of appreciative inquiry and how it relates to the educational realm and the professional expansion among educators. Looking at the division of responsibilities, the creation of the Summit work corresponds to three parts which are then given to each members of the team. Under each category, specific expectations are made for each person to pursue and obtain. Such capacity then gives the necessary ability to address the objectives and goals of the course and actively respond to the topic being discussed. Specifically, these activities look into areas of planning, delivering and reviewing of group work. Analyzing the contributions of Mahire, it can be seen that she was the one responsible for creating, designing, and implementing new strategies related to the process of appreciative inquiry. Here, it is essential to consider that careful study and research must be made in order to convey effective information and knowledge. In handling this responsibility, Mahire was very cohesive and targets every vital input necessary to complete specific goals. This then enabled the group to collaborate effectively and cater towards introducing important inputs relevant to the facilitation of what appreciative inquiry is and how it applies within the realm of educational enhancement and development. Due to this, a fair score of 34 points should be given because of the effort, leadership, and direction that Mahire has given to the group. On the other hand, Marlene handled the review part of the group project. Since she was in charge of this process, she had to make sure that the inputs, text, and other forms of information provided in the presentation are coherent with the given objectives in class. At the same time, considerable attention was also given to the manner the information is conveyed to viewers. This is rather relevant because it can help to encourage participation and induce appreciation of the content presented by the group. Due to this, Marlene showed a very meticulous eye over details and justified her role in the process of immersion and application of relevant concepts as well as its proper documentation and availability during the presentation. Due to this, she deserves a score of 33 due to her effort and willingness to go the extra mile despite seeing some problems with regards to the way she handles her work. Lastly, Aziz provided a fair contribution to different processes associated in the completion of the project. He has shown significant responses both as a leader and follower of specific tasks and responsibilities need to be made. It can be argued that I have given considerable inputs necessary to make this project viable and interesting for viewers. Under each category, like my group members, considerable attention was provided in outlining, processing and addressing each problem that may be involved. By having a significant background in the process of appreciative inquiry, it has provided the leverage to overcome specific challenges and recognize new potentials and goals related to the completion of the project. Thus, I consider giving myself 33 points because of the capacity to cooperate and collaborate towards completing the requirements of this specific project. In the end, the group was successful in fulfilling its objectives. Though there may have been disagreements and challenges in some areas, specific attention was given towards improving the capacity of addressing each oneââ¬â¢s needs. Due to this, we were able to overcome these setbacks and focus on what is really important. That is why each one deserves credit for their contributions and actions. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-52775342325595331952020-01-20T15:47:00.001-08:002020-01-20T15:47:03.566-08:00Teacher Certification Requirements History :: Education Teachers Teaching EssaysTeacher Certification Requirements History The first training facility for teachers dates back to 1785. Many others came about between 1785 and the early 1800ââ¬â¢s. It was not until the mid 1830ââ¬â¢s that these teacher preparation schools became state subsidized. In the year 1839 the first state normal school was established, two others would follow the next year. Also, during the 1830ââ¬â¢s and 1840ââ¬â¢s, there was a movement to replace tuition schools with common schools. This created two different types of schools: rural, one room school houses, and city schools (Angus). Teacher certification became a requirement in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The process of certifying teachers began primitively. Prospective teachers were required to take oral examinations conducted by local officials, usually the principal. The purpose of these examinations was mainly to ensure that the prospective teacher was more highly educated than the oldest student attending the school was. Due to the shortage of teachers, the proctor of these exams made sure that almost everyone qualified. Urban boards of education had the liberty to dictate the difficulty of the entrance exams depending upon the current demand for teachers (Angus). An account from Martha Russelââ¬â¢s journal in 1868 regarding these examinations reads ââ¬Å"I feel wretched this evening and a good deal relieved as the teachers examinations came off today and I came through alive, as you see. Did better than I expectedâ⬠¦there were six in the classâ⬠(Macneal). This goes to show that all of the examinations were not as simple where teachers were in less of a demand. In 1897 teacher certification was granted to those who graduated from college without taking any further exams in twenty-eight of the states. Due to the fact that one did not have to have their degree in education to teach, only about a dozen out of the 400 colleges and universities offered teaching degrees. During this time 114 colleges and universities only offered specific courses for teachers. At the close of the nineteenth century the state supported teacher schools, or as they were more commonly called, normal schools became popular ways for teachers to be certified. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-47566841250917190992020-01-12T12:11:00.001-08:002020-01-12T12:11:02.604-08:00Essay on Global Companies EssayInternational companies are characterized by many factors among them geographical dispersion, demand for rationalization and differentiation and cultural diversity. These factors pose numerous challenges to international HR managers on how to ensure successful performance of their functions. The paper highlights various challenges the mentioned factors presents to IHRM in their work. It assembles evidence and previous research findings done by other writers. The paper also demonstrates why managing international HR is more difficult than managing HR in a large domestic firm. Challenges presented by geographical dispersion to international HR directors As employees in an international company come from different backgrounds and possess diverse experience, itââ¬â¢s hard to standardize pay and conditions of work (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Doing so is likely to bring conflicts among staff doing similar jobs in different locations. Standardizing working conditions is also tricky because of diverse cultures, rules and laws of different nations. Home working conditions and policies cannot be transferred to another country due to existence of different legislations in host country. In such a case each host country could have a slightly different working condition (Paik and Vance, 2006). Due also to natural differences in each country, it is hard to standardize business processes and pay in a multinational company. One of challenges faced by international HR managers is dealing with multiple time zones. This time differences bring about difficulties for managers to consult with key decision makers (Herod and Yearn, 2002). These difficulties may result into ramifications on productivity. Closely associated with this problem is the continued heavy reliance on face to face communications since improvement in technologies has not completely bridged this gap (Punnett, 1989). Rolling out a non conflicting international compensation system is a challenge to international HRM. This is due to the fact that conditions of employment differ among various categories of employees (Mendenhall et al, 1987). In addition, there exist variations among countries on ways of compensating workers. Salary levels for the same job also differ amongst countries. As a matter of fact compensation packages can be a source of conflict . This is mostly occurs when local employees start comparing their salary to those of expatriates and may conclude that there is no fairness. Expatriates in most of cases have better compensation packages than local employees doing the same job. As a result local employees may feel unappreciated and treated unfairly. Consequently, it may result to resentment and eventually lower employeesââ¬â¢ morale and productivity (Roberts et al, 1998). The process of hiring and placement of different national categories of workers is very complex in global context. International HRM involves movement of people across international boundaries (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). In such a case staffing becomes very hard as managers face hard choices to make from three pools of employees categories: employees from host country where the company operates (HCN), nationals from home country where the firm has headquarter (PNC) and citizens of other countries that may be sources of labor (TNC). The three types of employee groups have different backgrounds. This therefore requires the managers to have international mindset and adopt policies that facilitate establishment of internationally oriented staff (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Distinct countries have different government policies and ethical requirements which can pose problems to international HR managers. For instance an international company situated in South Africa would have expatriates willing to work there required to undergo a compulsory HIV/AIDS test. This could result to loss of talented employees who may not be willing to comply with the requirement. It would be therefore a challenge to managers to convince such expatriates to accept the requirement (Roberts et al, 1998). International HR managers also face difficulties determining compensation package among various categories of workers. This is so because of varied nationalities of workers and different levels of economic development in home countries. It therefore becomes hard to determine some form of compensation for instance hardship allowance (Hofstede, 1992). International scene is also more complex due to language differences. This becomes a challenge in ease of accessing companyââ¬â¢s documents such as vision and mission statements, companyââ¬â¢s records and procedure manuals. Language barriers could also impede communication and sharing of information among the workers. This can only be solved by language standardization (Laurent, 1986). The nature of employee involvement also varies depending on country and institutional factors. Employee involvement is crucial in any organization and results into enhanced communication, coordination of tasks, enhanced information sharing and reduced turnover. Employee involvement is however is influenced by organization and national factors such as industrial relations, financial system, social forces and market forces (Petti and Fadel, 1997). Consequently in a global context, the nature of employment will vary due to diverse national forces. Challenges occasioned by need for rationalization and differentiation to international HR directors. Process of rationalization normally involves lowering of organizations operational costs and more improved control (Punnett, 1989). This requires timely provision of information. On a global context, it is a challenge to HR managers to obtain information quickly and to become proactive in achieving business objectives. Due to the complex nature of international organization, it becomes challenging to ensure faster access to high quality information at a significantly business processing cost . However due to rationalization demands in order for the company to remain competitive, managers have to carry out proper compensation, recruitment and placement (Punnett, 1989). Differentiation is the process of distinguishing firmsââ¬â¢ products or services from those offered by competitors (Petti and Fadel, 1997). This is done by making them unique and more attractive to a particular target market. Differentiation is normally implemented by ensuring differences in functional features, quality, availability and reputation. Formulation of differentiation strategy is vital for making firmsââ¬â¢ products more competitive in a competitive market. In global context it poses challenges for managers to adopt proper strategies in recruitment and selection to ensure the products remain unique and reputable (Petti and Fadel, 1997). Challenges presented by cultural diversity to international HR directors International companies operate in different countries with diverse regulations, standard of living and labor unions (Hofstede, 1992). In some countries, labor unions determine wage policies. In Australia for instance unions negotiate rates of payment on behalf of workers. In other countries like Hong Kong unions have little influence and pay rates are determined by free market. This makes the process of determining pay package very hard to HR managers in global scene (Hofstede, 1992). International HRM must be aware of cultural differences and develop culturally sensitive attitudes for business to thrive (Laurent, 1986). Majority of HRM functions such as compensation; training, recruitment and selection are done according to cultural practices of host nation. Sometimes adapting to local expectation and customs brings more problems. In Indonesia for instance local employees are obliged to employ members of their family. However, acting in such nepotism way may be detrimental to the company since the best fitted persons will not be hired (Punnett, 1989). Diverse norms on methods of motivating employees amongst countries are a key challenge. The use of incentives and gifts for instance may have varied results. In cultures such as America money may be a good motivator. In other cultures such as Japan, non financial incentives for instance job security, social acceptance and promotions may motivate employees better (Mendenhall et al, 1987). The international HR managers are hence challenged to match the motivators with cultural values. International businesses also operate in countries with different cultural differences amongst groups of people in the same country. This ultimately translates into different HRM policies procedures and system. The work of IHRM is therefore determined by cultural aspects of the host country (Petti and Fadel, 1997). This places a challenge to IHRM managers to reconsider each strategy in terms of the countryââ¬â¢s cultural condition. Some strategies may work in some country but fail in others. A Hong Kong company dealing with dental services for instance decided to offer a ââ¬Ëuse it or lose itââ¬â¢ policy worth $1000 a year. Initially the company had a high staff turnover of 24%. After a short time, the companyââ¬â¢s turnover dropped significantly to 4%. The strategy could not just work in that context (Petti and Fadel, 1997). As the case illustrates, research is required to be conducted amongst employees to establish the kind of strategies which are workable. People also have varied takes and attitudes with regard to contracts. People from western countries think of it just like a contract and will follow it after itââ¬â¢s signed. The Chinese however take it different and prefer continued relationship with their manager. So they will sign it, have a handshake and get to know their manager (Laurent, 1986). Therefore the IHRM has to consider acceptability and adaptability. Diversity management is also a challenge especially managing varying expectations in workplace. Some countries emphasize on gender equity and affirmative action while others do no (Hofstede, 1992)t. In such a case organizations with such policies face difficulties implementing them in some countries. In some parts of the world woman expatriates may experience difficulties in gaining acceptance (Hofstede, 1992). Culture is also a significant constraint in employee performance appraisals and feedback process. Western counties have been found to have different styles of performance appraisals which are difficult to transfer to non western countries (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). The purpose of appraisal, acceptance of its result and the mode of conduct of the feedback process are also different amongst countries. In some cultures for instance Japan performance appraisal are not acceptable and are normally interpreted as sign of distrust. In other cultures such as Chinese performance appraisals are used to determine pay (Briscoe & Schuler, 2009). Why managing International HR is inherently more difficult than managing HR in a large domestic firm. Unlike domestic firm, international HR involves moving staff across many countries with diverse cultural and economic aspects. As such international HRM is more complex as it deals with different categories of workers from different countries. There are also many aspects and a broad range of issues o take into consideration (Paik and Vance, 2006). To begin with, there are more HR activities to deal with in an international environment. Foreign employees are normally subjected to both domestic and international tax liabilities. This necessitates need to design tax equalization policies to bridge this gap. There are also a lot of international relocation and orientation activities. This may take the shape of arranging pre departure training and providing information such travel details, shopping and schooling. Foreign employees must also be provided with housing, medical care and recreation services. The expatriates also require to be provided by administrative services within which the host country operates. In addition the international HR must provide language translation services (Mendenhall et al, 1987). The international HR manager is also required to take a broad view of issues. This is particularly due to the fact that the managers deal with more than one national group of employees all working together. One such broader perspective would be to ensure that employees working in foreign locations receive foreign premium regardless of their nationality. Such a policy should be implemented without showing preferential treatment to only employees working on overseas assignment but even to foreigners assigned to firmââ¬â¢s home country (Chan, 1994). The IHRM thus has to deal with equity issues with regard to compensation. International HR managers are also required to get more involved in employees personal lives (Herod and Yearn, 2002). The HRM needs to ensure that expatriate employees comprehends compensation package such as cost of living allowances, premium taxes among others. He also needs to ensure they understand housing arrangements and health care. This creates need for establishment of a section that provides services such as handling of employeesââ¬â¢ investments, banking and coordinating home visits. If for instance there is to be a relocation or transfer, the HR department will need to know the employees personal life in order to provide the level of support required. This is particularly due to some governments requirements like marriage certificate in order to stay in some locations. In addition the HR managers may want to assist the family left behind at home country (Herod and Yearn, 2002). In the international context, there is always need to change emphasis in HR operations as workforce varies. This mostly occurs when more trained locals become available and hence the need of foreign employees decline. Resources which had previously allocated to allocated to expatriate issues have thus to be transferred to local stuff training and development. This broadens HR activities such as training, planning and compensation (Chan, 1994). International assignments increase exposure to risks that HRM has to deal with. There are more severe consequences resulting from expatriate failure and underperformance. Such a failure may be too costly to the company in terms of salary, relocation expenses and travel costs. There could also be loss of foreign share, market share and breakdown of foreign relations. The HR department must also consider possible acts of terrorism. On top of that the HR must put in place emergency evacuation procedures for assignments in locations susceptible to epidemic crises (Roberts et al, 1998). International HRM also has to deal with more and complex external factors. The company must comply with governmentââ¬â¢s requirements about staffing in foreign locations. Moreover, local codes of conduct and religious groupsââ¬â¢ regulations must be obeyed (Roberts et al, 1998). Conclusion The research and evidence presented in the paper demonstrates that managing HR in global context is more challenging and complex than in domestic scene. There are many issues which constrain international HR managers and which are unique to each country. The managers are therefore required to be flexible and adopt a local responsive strategy in order to have successful and sustainable businesses. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-82204087204648182802020-01-04T08:34:00.001-08:002020-01-04T08:34:04.235-08:00Understanding and Identifying Douglas Firs Douglas firà (or Doug fir) is the English name applied in common to most evergreen coniferous trees of the genus Pseudotsugaà which is in the family Pinaceae. There are five species, two in western North America, one in Mexico, and two in eastern Asia. Douglas Fir Is Confusing to Taxonomists The firs most common name honors a Scottish botanist by the name of David Douglas, a collector of botanical specimens who first reported the extraordinary nature and potential of the species. On his second expedition to North Americas Pacific Northwest in 1824, he discovered what was to eventually be scientifically named Pseudotsuga menziesii. Because of its distinctive cones, Douglas firs were finally placed in the new genus Pseudotsuga (meaning false Tsuga) by the French botanist Carrià ¨re in 1867. Doug firs gave 19th-century botanists problems due to their similarity to various other conifers better known at the time; they have at times been classified as Pinus, Picea, Abies, Tsuga, and even Sequoia. The Common North American Douglas Fir Douglas fir is one of the most important timber trees on earth in terms of forest products. It can grow large over centuries but will usually be harvested within a century because of its wood value. The good news is that it is a common non-endangered tree and the most plentiful western conifer in North America. This common fir has two Pacific coastal and Rocky Mountain variants or varieties. The coastal tree grows to a height of 300 feet where the Rocky Mountain variety only reaches 100 feet.à Pseudotsuga menziesiià var. menziesiià (called coastal Douglas fir) growsà in the moist coastal regions from west-centralà British Columbiaà southward to centralà California. These firs in Oregon and Washington range from theà eastern edge of the Cascade mountain range to the Pacific ocean.Pseudotsuga menziesiià var. glaucaà (called Rocky Mountain Douglas fir) is a smaller fir that tolerates drier sites and grows along with the coastal variety and throughout the Rocky Mountains to Mexico. Quick Identification of Douglas Fir Douglas fir is not a true fir so both the needle formations and the unique cone can throw you off. The cone has unique snake tongue-like forked bracts creeping out from under the scales. These cones are nearly always intact and plentiful both on and under the tree. True firs have needles that are upturned and not whorled. Doug fir is not a true fir and needles are singly wrapped around the twig and between 3/4 toà 1.25 inches long with a white line underneath. The needles are deciduous (but may persist), linear or needle-like, not prickly like spruce, and singly whorled around the twig. Doug fir is also aà favorite Christmas treeà and adapts well to commercial plantations well out of its natural range. The Most Common North American Conifer List Baldcypressà CedarDouglas firFirHemlockà Larch PineRedwoodSpruce Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-35124692367093507732019-12-27T05:00:00.001-08:002019-12-27T05:00:03.906-08:00Freedom of Speech Essay - 2651 Words Freedom of Speech Freedom of speech is something that, traditionally, has been unique to the United States. In fact, it was one of the founding principles of our country. It was the group of repressed colonists that decided that they would no longer accept the fact that they were not allowed to speak out against the throne. They decided that they would not accept not being able to denounce the Church of England. And on July 4, 1776, what could be seen as one of the boldest forms of speech ever ensured that never again would Americans be subject to the harsh regulation of Great Britain. Then, in 1789, our nations forefathers made it official with the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, including the first of ten amendments:â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Is it ethical for the United States to even request that the rest of the world join our standard? Finally, is it ethical for the United States to do its own thing, regardless of others? Each of these concerns will be examined and the answer to all of them is no, it is not ethical - but what other choice is there? In the United States, as mentioned above, Americans enjoy a unique freedom - the freedom to express themselves as they wish. But freedom does not come without limits. The first amendment does not protect speech that is obscene and/or profane. But exactly what is obscene? What is profane? It honestly depends on who you ask. Even when brought before the United States Supreme Court, Justices could not define it. Justice Potter Steward couldnt do it either, but said I know it when I see it. As Winchel Todd Vincent III reflects in his paper Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace: Are you a criminal?, obscenity and profanity are determined by community standards. For the most part, people can agree what is good and what is bad. Vincent writes, The test for obscenity is whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interests. Prurient is defined by Websters as marked by or arousing an immoderate or unwholesome interest or desire, especially a sexual desire.2 In other countries, standards are not as free asShow MoreRelatedSpeech : Freedom Of Speech1364 Words à |à 6 Pages Even though freedom of speech can be tricky, understanding what can be said under the first amendment is key. This will give you more confidence when you re talking about current events, it ll inhibit social interaction, but the biggest reason of all is understanding your rights will keep you out of jail. Even the supreme court struggles to determine what exactly constitutes protected speech. When trying to see if your covered by the first amendment, certain questions have to be displayed. AreRead MoreSpeech On Freedom Of Speech1484 Words à |à 6 Pages Abby Koopmann Ethics Freedom of Speech Professor Hunt Culver Stockton College Freedom of Speech Americans have many freedoms that people in other countries can only wish they had. Just imagine a life where you could possibly be killed for speaking your mind and stating your opinion, other countries are living lives like that. According to Katy Davis, The United States ratified the first amendment on December 15th 1791 (Davis, n.d). We as a country donââ¬â¢t know where the governmentRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : Speech1105 Words à |à 5 Pages Freedom of Speech Freedom of Speech, part of the First Amendment, is a privileged right that should not be taken lightly. The Milo Bill is said to protect studentsââ¬â¢ right to their freedom of speech on school grounds. It was introduced at Tennesseeââ¬â¢s State House and is named after Milo Yiannopoulos, a British public speaker who made a career out of ââ¬Å"trollingâ⬠liberals and gained publicity for uncalled-for acts, such as racist and harassing comments on Twitter, which got him banned from the socialRead MoreSpeech : The Freedom Of Speech Essay1624 Words à |à 7 PagesCitizens of the United States are privileged to the freedom of speech under the First Amendment, but the constitutional limits of the freedom of speech have been questioned on multiple occasions. Citizens of the United States have called upon the Supreme Court numerous times to interpret the meaning of the First Amendment, and the court has censored some forms of speech such as obscene speech --which has been pr ohibited--and indecent or pornographic speech--which has been regulated (Barrett, 1999). PublicRead MoreSpeech On Freedom Of Speech3937 Words à |à 16 PagesZhiyuan Li Philosophy 2367 Freedom of Speech A couple of months ago, University of Chicagoââ¬â¢s president Robert J. Zimmerin expressed his concern about freedom of speech on campus in a Wall Street Journal article: Free speech is at risk at the very institution where it should be assured: the university â⬠¦ Invited speakers are disinvited because a segment of a university community deems them offensive, while other orators are shouted down for similar reasons. Demands are made to eliminate readings thatRead MoreFree Speech : Freedom Of Speech1403 Words à |à 6 PagesFREE SPEECH Freedom of speech is perhaps the most precious tenets of liberal democracies accorded to the citizens of the free world. 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Many nations today believe that very strict and regulated system of governing the media and entertainment is the best answer, such as China, w here ââ¬Å"censorship was considered a legitimate instrument for regulating the moral and politicalRead MoreFree Speech Or Freedom Of Speech Essay911 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction America is known as The Land of Freedom, basically we are entitled for legal freedom to do whatever we wanted to. However, the freedom of speech has been challenged by many university students and educators recently. In their argument, they believe that free speech has triggered studentsââ¬â¢ unhappiness and jeopardize campusââ¬â¢ safety. What is the free speech or freedom of speech? According to dictionary, freedom of speech is the right of people to express their opinions publicly withoutRead MoreFreedom of Speech3842 Words à |à 16 PagesFreedom of speech Freedom of speechà is the freedom to speak freely withoutà censorship. The synonymous termà freedom of expressionà is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, such as on hate speech. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as aà humanRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : Speech And Expression898 Words à |à 4 PagesWhen the words, ââ¬Å"freedom of speechâ⬠are uttered today, it brings about much conflict and tension. The vagueness of the First Amendment is a pretty good indication of how different times were back when the Constitution and everything along with it were created. Back then, all the Founding Fathers wanted was the establish a democracy using the lessons they had learned from the tyranny of the British King. They wanted more freedom and power to the people. In the modern era, everything has changed, and Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-53952420046993341232019-12-19T00:49:00.001-08:002019-12-19T00:49:03.099-08:00The Human Tissue Act 2008 Essay - 2256 Words Background Currently in New Zealand the major law regarding the donation of organs is the Human Tissue Act 2008 introduced by the then labour governmentââ¬â¢s Minister of Health David Cunliffe. The bill received support from both Labour and National members and in its second reading received 115 votes for and only 3 votes against (while 3 members were not present for the vote) the three votes against can be attributed to opposition from 3 of the 4 Maori party members due to cultural values tikanga à -iwi, Mana and Tapu The Human Tissue Act 2008 prohibits the sale and advertisement of any human tissue which includes organs without written permission at the discretion from whomever is acting as the Minister of Health. So far the only reported case (of which all exemptions must be reported in the Gazette) is the paired kidney donation scheme allowing viable living donors that wish to donate to a family or friend that is incompatible with their kidney to donate to another who is in the same po sition. This effectively facilitates a non monetary trade between two donors to ensure the chosen recipients receive a kidney that will work for them. Currently a shortage is occurring between the supply of viable organs collected from living donors and from the deceased and the demand required from those on the waiting list. Organs that can be provided from living donors include Kidneys, liver segments, some of your lung and Pancreas but of all the organs that greatest shortage that exists isShow MoreRelatedOrgan Trafficking Essay1099 Words à |à 5 Pagesa call for stricter regulation of post-mortem human tissue. It would seem obvious that what is of paramount value in life would necessarily depreciate in death. This in not true of the human body. With the emergence of biotechnology and the consequent need for post-mortem human tissue, the human cadaver has become quite valuable. In pieces and parts or in its entirety, organizations will pay top dollar for the human body, even after it houses the human spirit. 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Two treatment types are being studied for spinal cord injury: injection of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 and transplantation of human embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyteRead MorePig Trachealis Smooth Muscle Pharmomechanical coupling uses Internal Calcium stores whilst Electromechanical coupling uses Extracellular Calcium1674 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Pig Trachealis Smooth Muscle Pharmomechanical coupling uses Internal Calcium stores whilst Electromechanical coupling uses Extracellular Calcium Crystal Nguyen School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009 Introduction Smooth muscle contraction occurs when calcium is present in the smooth muscle cell and binds onto calmodulin to activate myosin light chain kinase (Wilson et al., 2002). 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They have pharmacological effects on animals as well as human beings. These metabolites are not used in normal functioning of plants. However, they are produced by the plants during growth through biochemical reactions which take place in the plants. The phytochemicals present in the plants play a role in attracting, protecting and signaling. Terpenoid is an example of phytochemicals which acts as seed dispersers. It has an allelophatic property towards some plants as wellRead MoreStem Cells And Regenerative Medicine : Cord Blood Banking And Its Therapeutic Application1636 Words à |à 7 Pages14th September 2015 Date Submitted: 14th September 2015 Word Count: 1671 words STEM CELLS AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE : CORD BLOOD BANKING AND ITS THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION Abstract : Stem cells can give rise to any tissue found in the body and thus provide nearly limitless potential for medical applications . Stem cells have the great potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. They serve as a repair system . Due to Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-58433231196911036852019-12-10T21:31:00.001-08:002019-12-10T21:31:03.782-08:00Corporate FinanceShine plc Company Question: Discuss about theCorporate Financefor Shine plc Company. Answer: Introduction The given assignment discusses about some of corporate finance strategies for a company that is Shine plc. The company is considering purchasing a project of new security light. For the effective decision making, strategies of corporate finance have been laid down. The assignment discusses about the cash flow analysis that is earning after taxation but before depreciation of the new security light ahs to be calculated. After this the assignment considers an analysis over net present value and internal rate of return. At last the company considers the forward contract decision making. Cash Flows of the New Security Light Earnings after taxation, but before non cash expenses are called as the cash flow from the project. In the gives case study, by deduction all the fixed and variable expenses from the regular income of the project that is annual sales, earnings after tax has been calculated. To calculate earnings after taxation but before depreciation that is cash flow, non cash expenses that is depreciation is to be deducted (Moyer, McGuigan, Rao, 2014). In calculation of cash flow of the project, depreciation is excluded. It is done because depreciation is considered as non cash expenses for the company. Depreciation does not lead to any cash flow in the financial statements of the company. Shine plc Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Selling units 14000 16000 16000 14000 selling price 110 120 120 100 Sales 1540000 1920000 1920000 1400000 material 420000 480000 512000 476000 Labor 210000 240000 240000 238000 Variable overhead 70000 80000 96000 98000 Interest 120000 120000 120000 120000 Depreciation 250000 250000 250000 250000 administration overhead 100000 100000 100000 100000 fixed cost 80000 80000 80000 80000 fixed overhead 500000 500000 500000 500000 consultancy 250000 0 0 0 working capital 150000 0 0 0 all cash and non cash expenses 2150000 1850000 1898000 1862000 earnings before tax -610000 70000 22000 -462000 tax 8750 2750 earnings after tax -610000 61250 19250 -462000 The cash inflow of the project has been described in the below table as earnings after tax but before depreciation. In the given case study the initial cash outlay or initial investment is -15, 00,000. Hence the net cash inflow of new security light can be calculated as -2, 60,000. year earnings after tax depreciation earnings after tax before depreciation initial outlay -1500000 -1500000 1 -610000 250000 -360000 2 61250 250000 311250 3 19250 250000 269250 4 -462000 250000 -212000 cash flow -1508500 As it has been clear from the given table that the cash flow of the new security light comes out to be negative, hence it is suggested for Shine Plc to not to accept the new security light project (Brigham, Ehrhardt, 2007). NPV (Net Present Value) In the given case study it has been given that the company follows a capital rate of 13%. The Net present value is calculated by firstly calculating present value of cash inflows (Shapiro, 2008). After present value of cash inflows, the initial investment has to be subtracted from it. If the net present value comes out to be positive, the project should be accepted. But if, the Net present value comes out to be negative, the project should be rejected (Lasher, 2016). year earnings after tax depreciation earnings after tax before depreciation PV factor @ 13% Present Value initial outlay -1500000 -1500000 -1500000 1 -610000 250000 -360000 0.885 -318600 2 61250 250000 311250 0.7831 243739.875 3 19250 250000 269250 0.6931 186617.175 4 -462000 250000 -212000 0.6133 -130019.6 cash flow -1508500 total present value -18262.55 Net Present Value -1481737.45 By analyzing over the given table, it can be observed that the net present value comes out to be positive. Hence in such case it is suggested for Shine Plc to accept the new security light project because it is giving positive net present value (Khan Jain, 2007). IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of New Product In the above stated formula, net present value at lower rate is the amount which is calculated by subtraction of multiplication of lower present value factor and the cash flows of the project, and initial investment. While present value at lower rate is the amount which can be calculated by multiplying the cash flows of the project by lower present value factor. Here present value at higher rate can be calculated by multiplying cash flows of the project with higher present value factor (Peterson Fabozzi, 2002). In the given case internal rate of return can be calculated as: year earnings after tax depreciation earnings after tax before depreciation PV factor @ 13% Present Value PV factor @ 15% present value initial outlay -1500000 -1500000 -1500000 -1500000 1 -610000 250000 -360000 0.885 -318600 0.876 -315360 2 61250 250000 311250 0.7831 243739.875 0.7561 235336.125 3 19250 250000 269250 0.6931 186617.175 0.6575 177031.875 4 -462000 250000 -212000 0.6133 -130019.6 0.5718 -121221.6 cash flow -1508500 total present value -18262.55 -24213.6 Net Present Value -1481737.45 1475786.4 present value@13%- present Value @ 15% -2957523.85 internal rate of return 14% Internal rate of return helps an organization in selection of the best project from the various alternatives. If the organization has internal rate of return less than the required rate of return then the companys cost of capital, then the project should be accepted. While if the company has greater internal rate of return than companys cost of capital, the project should be rejected. In calculation of IRR, shine plc has assumed 15% rate of return (Cristodoulou). Hence by analyzing the company internal rate of return it can be said that, shine plc has a negative internal rate if return of 14%. The major limitation with internal rate of return is that it does not consider the future cash flows. Hence by considering internal rate of return, it is recommended for shine Plc to not to accept the project. Report to Senior Management Regarding Project By analyzing the above data and calculations, it can be observed that the company has negative cash flows. However the company has positive net present value. Hence by analyzing the net present value it can be said that the project should be accepted. By comparing between shine plc internal rate of return which is, 14% and its cost of capital which is given in the case study as 13%. It can be said that the project should not to be accepted. It is due to negative internal rate of return. Hence it can be said that by investing in new security light, the company will not get profitable results (Bierman Smidth2012). Forward Exchange Requirement Forward contract is an agreement between two parties, in which there is an obligation on the part of buyer to purchase the asset and on the part of seller to sell the product at a fixed determined price. This type of contracting is usually done for long term basis to save both the firms from uncertainty. Besides this, the use of forward contract is higher in case of foreign contracts. This is done due to difference in the structure of the economy, politics, market and many more. It is usually done to save both the parties from foreign currency exchange rates and any market fluctuations (Delaney Whittington, 2007). The US firm has decided to buy the products of shine plc at $3.4 million. The payment would be made to the shine plc company in three months time. However it has been estimated by shine Plc that the cost of this forward contract to the company would be 3.05 million. By observing the whole scenario regarding forward contract, it can be said that the company would arrive at a profit of 0.15. The profit is arrived by subtracting $3.4million as converted into 3.20 million and 3.05. Hence by analyzing over the forward contracting transaction, it can be said that the company has done profitable transaction, and company should accept the offer of US firm. Besides this the company has observed that the bank will pay Euros in return of dollar to company as 3.25, while the company has demanded 3.18. Hence by this it can be analyzed that the company is at liquidity position, as it helps the company in earning profit of 0.07 Euros. Conclusion By analyzing the given assignment, it can be concluded that the new security light should be considered by the company, and it should not accepted. This is due to negative cash flows of the company. Besides this the company has negative net present value and negative internal rate of return. This shows that the company will not get any profitable return as expected by investing in the new project of new security light. While analyzing the forward contract as done between the U.S. firm and the shine plc, it can be concluded that the company has made a good decision. It is due to having a profitable amount of 0.15 million. Hence at last it can be said that the company should reject the proposal of new security line and accept the proposal of U.S. firm on the basis of forward contract. References Bierman, H Smidth, J, S,. (2012) The capital budgeting decision: Economic analysis of investment projects, edition 9th, Routledge, Abingdon Brigham, E Ehrhardt, M,. (2007) Financial management: Theory Practice, Thomson, USA Cristodoulou, A,. The internal rate of return problems and matters of solution. Retrieved on https://www.iamb.it/share/img_new_medit_articoli/802_32cristodoulou.pdf Delaney, P, R Whittington, O,R,. (2007) Wiley CPA examination review 2007-2008, problems and solutions, John Wiley sons, Canada Khan Jain,. (2007) Financial management, Tata McGraw hill, New Delhi Lasher, W, R,. (2016) Practical financial management, Cengage learning, USA Moyer, R, C,. McGuigan, J, R Rao, R, O.P. (2014) Contemporary financial management, Cengage learning, USA Peterson, P,P Fabozzi, F, J,. (2002) Capital budgeting: Theory and practice, John Wiley sons, Canada Shapiro,. (2008) Capital budgeting and Investment analysis, Pearson education India Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-56872795443677274752019-12-03T09:13:00.001-08:002019-12-03T09:13:04.521-08:00Mathematics Portfolio Sl Essay ExampleMathematics Portfolio Sl Essay Mathematics Standard Level Teacher: Mr. Lazaro Name: Fatema Ismailjee IB 1 2011 Sequence is a set of things (usually numbers) that are in order. e. g. 1, 2, 3, 4, Where 1 is the first term, 2 is the second term and so on. ( in the end means that the sequence goes on forever. Three dots in the middle e. g. 1, 2, 3 7, 8 indicate that the pattern continues until the next number appears. There is finite and infinite sequence, infinite sequence is when the sequence has no end and finite is a set with a function e. g. {1, 3, n} Calculating specific terms leads to an nthà term formula. Before creating a rule of calculation, you need to realize that sequences are functions with the specific domain of the counting numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, }. So the n replaces xà as the input variable and instead of writingà y, we useà anà as the output variable.Arithmetic sequence: the difference between one term and the next is a constant in arithmetic sequence. The general formula is anà = a1à + (n 1) d Geometric sequence: A geometric sequence is a group of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non zero number called common ratio. The general formula is an = a1 ? rn-1 Series is the sum of terms of a sequence. Sn = x1 + x2 +. xn Arithmetic series: The general formula is Snà = n/2(a1à + an) Geometric series: a series which has a constant ratio between terms.The general formula is Sn = a1 (1 ââ¬â rn) 1 r TRIANGULAR NUMBERS Triangular number is the number of dots in an equilateral triangle uniformly filled with dots. This is an investigation task whereby I will try to find number of shapes of geometric figures which form triangular numbers. I will use different sources of information to attain shapes and figures. For the calculations required, different math techniques will be used for the different shape obtained. Aim In this task I will consider geometric shapes which lead to special numbers.The simplest exa mples of these are square numbers, 1, 4, 9, 16, which can be represented by squares of side 1, 2, 3 and 4. The following diagrams show a triangular pattern of evenly spaced dots. The numbers of dots in each diagram are examples of triangular numbers (1, 3, 6, ). .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 6 10 15 There is a sequence of the number of dots in the triangular shape above.Complete the triangular sequence with three more terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 dots Find a general statement that represents the nth triangular number in terms of n. In words: The top row has one dot and each successive row under it has one more dot.Using the formula: 1. Find the common difference between the numbers in the sequence. 2. Use the general formula tn = an2 + bn + c. 3. Three equations will be forme d. Using the elimination method find the coefficients i. e. a, b and c. 4. Substitute in the general formula. The general statement can be reached by following the steps above. Common difference: d= U2 ââ¬â U1 = U3 ââ¬â U2 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, d= 3-1 = 2 6-3 = 3 10-6 = 4 15-10 = 5 d= 3-2 = 1 4-3 = 1 5-4 = 1 The difference in terms is found in the second stage so the formula will be n2 . 2 Testing: n = 1 , triangular number = 1 22 = 12 1 12 = 12 n = 2, triangular number = 3 n22 = 92 3 92 = 32 32 12 = 12 12 so this will be 12 n therefore, 2 12 n2 = 12n As the common difference in the second stage is 1, it can be deduced that the formula for the nth term is a quadratic equation. I will use the general formula to find the nth term, tn = an2 + bn + c where a and b are the coefficients and c is constant and n is the number of term. 2 n2 = 12 n = n2 + n 2 When n = 1 1 = a (1)2 + b (1) + c 1 = a + b + c . (i) n = 2 3 = a (2)2 + b (2) + c 3 = 4a + 2b + c . (ii) n = 3 6 = a (3)2 + b (3 ) + c 6 = 9a + 3b + c . (iii) Using the elimination method: 3 = 4a + 2b + c 6 = 9a + 3b + c 1 = a + b + c 3 = 4a + 2b + c 2 = 3a + b 3 = 5a + b Now that two equations are obtained: To find the variables i. e. a, b one of them is eliminated.In this case the equations are being subtracted. b will be eliminated first in order to find a. Substitute the values of a in the equation to find the value of b. 3 = 5a + b 3 = 5a + b 1 = a + b + c 2 = 3a + b 3 = 5(1 ) + b 1 = 1 + 1 +c 2 2 2 1 = 2a 3 5 = b 2 2 2 a = 1 b = 1 c = 0 2 Therefore the formula for finding the nth term will be as follows: tn = 1n2 + 1n 2 2 tn = n2 + n 2 Use of technology to find the general statement: Calculator used: CASIO fx-9750 GA PLUS n| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| y| 1| 3| 6| 10| 15| 21| 28| Let n = x 1. Select STAT. 2. Encode values for x in list 1 and for y in list 2. 3. Select GRPH (by pressing F1). 4. Select GPH1 (by pressing F1 again). 5. Select x^2 (by pressing F3). The display will show: a = 1 2 b = 1 c = 0 y = ax 2 + bx + c 1n2 + 1n y = 2 2 = n2 + n 2 Consider stellar (star) shapes with p vertices, leading to p-stellar numbers. The first four representations for a star with six vertices are shown in the four stages S1 ââ¬â S4 below. The 6-stellar number at each stage is the total number of dots in the diagram. Find the number of dots (i. e. the stellar number) in each stage up to S6. Stellar numbers are figurate number, based on the number of dots of units that can fit in a centred hexagon or star shapes. S1 ââ¬â S4 are the numbers of dots in the stars.To find up to S6 find the common difference (d) followed by the addition of numbers of star in the previous star. S1 has 1 dot S2 has 13 dots S3 has 37 dots S4 has 73 dots Find the common difference between the terms. d = S2 ââ¬â S1 S3 ââ¬â S2 d = 13 ââ¬â 1 = 12 37 ââ¬â 13 = 24 73 ââ¬â 37 = 36 As the difference is not constant, find the difference within the answers. d = 36 ââ¬â 24 = 12 13 ââ¬â 12 = 12 The c ommon difference is 12. S 5 = 36 + 12 = 48 73 + 48 = 121dots S6 = 48 + 12 = 60 121 + 60 = 181dots Find an expression for the 6-stellar number at stage S7. As shown above, the common difference is 12.As itââ¬â¢s a sequence it follows the same trend therefore: To find the next number of dots in the sequence, add it with 12 first and from the second star add it with the multiples of 12, i. e. 24, 36, 48 etc. S6 = 48 + 12 = 60 = S5 + 60 = 121 + 60 = 181 S7 = 60 + 12 = 72 = S6 + 72 = 181 + 72 = 253 S7 = 253 Find a general statement for the 6-stellar number at stage Sn in terms of n. Use the same general formula to obtain the three equations: The general formula: tn = an2 + bn + c When n = 1 1 = a (1)2 + b (1) + c 1 = a + b + c . (i) n = 2 13 = a (2)2 + b (2) + c 13 = 4a + 2b + c . (ii) = 3 37 = a (3)2 + b (3) + c 37 = 9a + 3b + c . (iii) Using the elimination method: 37 = 9a + 3b + c 13 = 4a + 2b + c 13 = 4a + 2b + c 1 = a + b + c 24 = 5a + b 12 = 3a + b After attaining two equations, either of the coefficients should be eliminated. b in this case which will lead us to find a. Substitute value of a in the equation to find b. Hence, substitute values of a and b for c. 24 = 5a + b 24 = 5a + b 1 = a + b + c 2 = 3a + b 24 = 5(6) + b 1 = 6 + (-6) + c 12= 2a 24 ââ¬â 30 = b 1 ââ¬â 0 = c 2 2 a = 6 b = -6 c = 1 Substitute a, b and c in the general statement. General statement: tn = 6n2 ââ¬â 6n + 1 Now repeat the steps above for other values of p Considering stellar (star) shapes when p=7 and when p=8 leading to p-stellar numbers. p = 7 Find the number of dots (i. e. the stellar number) in each stage up to S6. S1 has 1 dot S2 has 15 dots S3 has 43 dots S4 has 85 dots d = 15 ââ¬â 1 = 14 3 ââ¬â 15 = 28 85 ââ¬â 43 = 42 d = 42 ââ¬â 28 = 14 28 ââ¬â 14 = 14 e. g. S4 = 43 + 14 = 42 S3 + 42 43 + 42 = 85 dots S 5 = 42 +14 =56 S4 + 56 85 + 56 = 141dots S6 = 56 +14 = 70 S5 + 70 141 + 70 = 211dots Find an expression for the 6-stellar number at stage S7 . As shown above, the common difference is 14. As itââ¬â¢s a sequence it follows the same trend therefore: To find the next number of dots in the sequence, add it with 2 first and from the second star add it with the multiples of 2, i. e. 14, 28, 42 etc. S7 = 70 + 14 = 84 S6 + 84 211 + 84 = 2955dots S7 = 295dots Find a general statement for the 6-stellar number at stage Sn in terms of n.To find the three equations, use the general formula tn = an2 + bn + c. When n = 1 1 = a (1)2 + b (1) + c 1 = a + b + c . (i) n = 2 15 = a (2)2 + b (2) + c 15 = 4a + 2b + c . (ii) n = 3 43 = a (3)2 + b (3) + c 43 = 9a + 3b + c . (iii) Three equations are obtained, to find a, b and c, the equations need to be solved. Elimination method is one of the ways from which we can attain the coefficients and constant. Using elimination method: Firstly, we need to remain with two equations at the end so subtract equations (equation iii ââ¬â ii and equation ii ââ¬â i) and two will be remained. 3 = 9a + 3b + c 15 = 4a + 2b + c 15 = 4a + 2b + c 1 = a + b + c 28 = 5a + b 14 = 3a + b Now that there are two equations, find a and b. Subtract the equation to eliminate one variable. After one is found, the other can be easily found by substituting the value of variable attained in the equation. 28 = 5a + b 28 = 5a + b 1 = a + b + c 14 = 3a + b 28 = 5(7) + b 1 = 7 + (-7) + c 4= 2a 28 ââ¬â 35 = b 1 ââ¬â 0 = c 2 2 a = 7 b = -7 c = 1 Substitute a, b and c in the general statement. General statement: tn = 7n2 ââ¬â 7n + 1 p = 8 S1 has 1 dot S2 has 17 dots S3 has 49 dots S4 has 97 dots Find the common difference: d = 17 ââ¬â 1 = 16 49 ââ¬â 17 = 32 97 ââ¬â 49 = 48 As the difference is not constant, subtract the answers to find the common difference. d = 32 ââ¬â 16 = 16 48 ââ¬â 32 = 16 To find the following number in the star e. g. S4 = 32 + 16 = 48 S3 + 48 49 + 48 = 97 dots The common difference is 16.If observed carefully the number is found by adding it with mu ltiples of 16 i. e. 32, 48, 64, 80 etc. S 5 = 48 +16 = 64 S4 + 64 97 + 64 = 161dots S6 = 64 + 16 = 80 S5 + 80 161 + 80 = 241dots Find an expression for the 6-stellar number at stage S7. As shown above, the common difference is 16. As itââ¬â¢s a sequence it follows the same trend therefore: To find the next number of dots in the sequence, add it with 16 first and from the second star add it with the multiples of 3, i. e. 32, 48, 64 etc. S7 = 80 + 16 = 96 S6 + 96 241 + 96 = 337dots S7 = 337dots Find a general statement for the 6-stellar number at stage Sn in terms of n.I will use the same general formula to obtain the three equations: The general formula: tn = an2 + bn + c When n = 1 1 = a (1)2 + b (1) + c 1 = a + b + c . (i) n = 2 17 = a (2)2 + b (2) + c 17 = 4a + 2b + c . (ii) n = 3 49 = a (3)2 + b (3) + c 49 = 9a + 3b + c . (iii) Using the elimination method: 49 = 9a + 3b + c 17 = 4a + 2b + c 17 = 4a + 2b + c 1 = a + b + c 32 = 5a + b 16 = 3a + bNow there are two equations, so b has to eliminated by subtracting the two equations to find a. Once, a is obtained one of the equation has to be chosen and substitute the value of a in it. Hence b is obtained. 32 = 5a + b 32 = 5a + b 1 = a + b + c 16 = 3a + b 32 = 5(8) + b 1 = 3 + (-3) + c 16 = 2a 32 ââ¬â 40 = b 2 2 a = 8 b = -8 c = 1 Substitute a, b and c in the general statement. General statement: tn = 8n2 ââ¬â 8n + 1Hence, produce the general statement, in terms of p and n,that generates the sequence of p-stellar numbers for any value of p at stage Sn. The general statements produced are: tn = 6n2 ââ¬â 6n + 1 tn = 7n2 ââ¬â 7n + 1 tn = 8n2 ââ¬â 8n + 1 I observed it, and reached to the conclusion that for all the three statements the number of p and number of coefficient that is a and b is the same. Therefore the general statement in terms of p and n that generates the sequence of p-stellar numbers for any value of p at stage Sn is: tn = pn2 ââ¬â pn + 1 Test the validity of the general st atement. When p = 5 S1 has 1 dot S2 has 11 dots S3 has 31 dotsS4 has 61 dots Common difference: d = 11 ââ¬â 1 = 10 31 ââ¬â 11 = 20 61 ââ¬â 31 = 30 As the difference is not constant, subtract it within the answer obtained: d = 30 ââ¬â 20 = 10 20 ââ¬â 10 = 10 As seen, the common difference is 5. As itââ¬â¢s a sequence it follows the same trend therefore: To find the next number in the sequence, add it with multiples of 5 i. e. 10, 15, 20, etc. S 5 = 30 + 10 = 40 61 + 40 = 101dots S6 = 40 + 10 = 50 = S5 + 50 = 101 + 50 = 151dots S7 = 50 + 10 = 60 = S6 + 60 = 151 + 60 = 211 S7 = 211dots The general formula: tn = an2 + bn + c When n = 1 1 = a (1)2 + b (1) + c 1 = a + b + c . (i) n = 2 1 = a (2)2 + b (2) + c 11 = 4a + 2b + c . (ii) n = 3 31 = a (3)2 + b (3) + c 31 = 9a + 3b + c . (iii) Using the elimination method: 31 = 9a + 3b + c 11 = 4a + 2b + c 11 = 4a + 2b + c 1 = a + b + c 20 = 5a + b 10 = 3a + b 20 = 5a + b 20 = 5a + b 1 = a + b + c 10 = 3a + b 20 = 5(5) + b 1 = 6 + (-6) + c 10= 2a 20 ââ¬â 25 = b 1 ââ¬â 0 = c 2 a = 5 b = -5 c = 1 Substitute a, b and c in the general statement. General statement: tn = 5n2 ââ¬â 5n + 1 Below are the values of the formula Sn= 5n2 5n +1 n = Stage number in the 5-stellar shape. | y= total number of dots at stage ââ¬Ënââ¬â¢. | 1| 1| 2| 11| 3| 31| 4| 61| 5| 101| 6| 151| 7| 211| If we want to know the number of dots in the 5th term using the formula we replace n with 5 based on the formula Sn= 5n2 ââ¬â 5n + 1 Sn= 5n2 ââ¬â 5n + 1 Sn= 5 (5)2 ââ¬â 5 (5) +1 Sn= 101 Limitation: * The value of p should be greater than or equal to 4 i. e. p ? 4. The value of p cannot be negative. It must be a positive integer. The general statement has some limitations as listed above. It is an arithmetic series as seen. It is derived from the equations generated in the 5, 6, 7-stellar shape. The coefficients in each question are equal to the corresponding stellar number p. References: Sequences. à Math Is Fun Maths Resources. Web. 12 Mar. 2011. Help for a Generic Formula for a Stellar Pattern.? Yahoo! Answers. à Yahoo! Answers Home. Web. 12 Mar. 2011. Triangular Number ENotes. com Reference. à ENotes Literature Study Guides, Lesson Plans, and More. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-23539967630572164882019-11-27T13:16:00.001-08:002019-11-27T13:16:04.990-08:005 grammar skills you need to master for career success5 grammar skills you need to master for career success No matter what field youââ¬â¢re in, itââ¬â¢s likely that any given job description calls for good communication skills. At the top of this list is making sure your writing and speaking skills are top-notch. Letââ¬â¢s look at some of the key grammar tips that make your conversation and resume are polished and professional. 1. Use possessives correctly.This is one of the most frequent grammatical errors. Always take a minute to make sure youââ¬â¢re using the theyââ¬â¢re and youââ¬â¢reà contractions for they are and you are. Their and your are possessive pronouns. These mistakes are often some of the easiest to spot for a reader, and they are so common from people of all backgrounds and education levels. If this is an issue that makes you nervous, one way to avoid this is to avoid confusion by not using contractions. Itââ¬â¢s totally fine to spell out you are.Rule of thumb: If youââ¬â¢re making a contraction, you should always have an apostrophe. Possessive pro nouns never have an apostrophe.2. Donââ¬â¢t speak in the third person.Sometimes we (royal we) like to be extra formal in resumes or job interviews, because we want to present ourselves as highly dignified professionals. Resist that urge. Donââ¬â¢t go too informal (keep it professional, always), but it is absolutely okay to say ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠or ââ¬Å"me,â⬠and make it personal.Rule of thumb: Youââ¬â¢re presenting yourself. You donââ¬â¢t need to hide behind the third person just to be fancy.3. Donââ¬â¢t use jargon or tons of abbreviations.Jargon is extremely popular on resumes, because you want the reader to know that you understand the ins and outs of an industry. You talk the talk, so that must meanà youââ¬â¢re an insider, right? Not really. Instead, you run the risk of turning off readers if they donââ¬â¢t quite get the same terminology, or if that jargon is hyper-specific to, say, your current job. Itââ¬â¢s always better to keep things generic. An d if you do use abbreviations to save space, make sure you spell it out on the first use in your resume, cover letter, email, etc.Rule of thumb: Simpler is better. You never know whoââ¬â¢s reading.4. Donââ¬â¢t use unnecessary capitals.Like jargon or being overly formal, extra capitals can be a crutch when we want people to Know What Weââ¬â¢re Talking About. You may think youââ¬â¢re providing emphasis that draws the readerââ¬â¢s eye and makes your writing easier to read, but it really just complicates things unnecessarily.Rule of thumb: Only legitimate proper nouns (names) should have capitals.5. Proofread everything three times.I canââ¬â¢t emphasize this enough. All of us are prone to little mistakes when we write. This is especially true when youââ¬â¢ve written, rewritten, and edited a resume or cover letter so many times that you stop seeing whatââ¬â¢s in it because you know it so well. Thatââ¬â¢s inevitably where the little mistakes creep in. If at all possible, get a trusted reader to review something official before you turn it in. Having an extra pair of eyes can help you spot blatant spelling or grammar errors, and can also help ensure that youââ¬â¢re making sense to the reader.Rule of thumb: Do it. Then do it again. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-21139732275479923132019-11-23T20:50:00.001-08:002019-11-23T20:50:04.610-08:00Lo and Behold!Lo and Behold! Lo and Behold! Lo and Behold! By Maeve Maddox A football fan posted the following: I decided to watch the Duke vs Miami game and low and behold Duke is successful this year Naturally the ââ¬Å"low and beholdâ⬠caught my eye. Was it just a typo? I hopped on my search engine to see what I could find. Apparently a lot of English speakers write low for the lo of ââ¬Å"Lo and behold!â⬠Some of the misspellings I found were deliberate puns in headlines above stories about something ââ¬Å"low,â⬠like low oil prices, low calorie recipes, and low golf scores. More, however, seemed to be the result of not knowing that the word in the expression is spelled lo and not low. Here are some examples: Low and behold! (a blog title) Low and Behold (a 2007 movie about post-Hurricane Katrina) low and behold I have some pretty awesome DOMS in the mid region (exercise site) But low and behold, some four decades later (printed rap lyrics) Low and behold it worked out great I got a laptop in the mail (testimonial on marketing site) Autumn term will all be about the Old Testament and low and behold, weââ¬â¢ve worked out a complete program (university site in the U.K.) Low and BeholdHow Much Work Are You Willing to do? (headline on an authorââ¬â¢s site) If you donââ¬â¢t count the exotic list of words acceptable for Scrabble tournaments, English has very few two-letter words. The fact that only about twenty are in common use may account for attempts to add a little body to lo by adding another letter. Lo may derive from the imperative form of the verb to look. It has been used as an interjection at least since Beowulf was written, but the tautology ââ¬Å"lo and beholdâ⬠dates only from the 19th century. Long before that, loââ¬âin the sense of Look! See! Behold!ââ¬â was used to direct attention to something about to happen or about to be said. For, lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and gone; (Song of Solomon, 2:11, KJV.) And Lo! the Hunter of the East has caught/The Sultanââ¬â¢s Turret in a Noose of Light. (Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Edward Fitzgerald translation.) The earliest OED citation for Lo and behold! is from a letter written in 1808. Bulwer-Lyttonââ¬â he who gave us the novel opening, ââ¬Å"It was a dark and stormy night,â⬠used it in 1841: The fair bride was skipping down the middle..when, lo and behold! the whiskered gentleman..advanced..and cried- ââ¬ËLa voil!ââ¬â¢ (Night Morning II. iii. v. 144à ) Nowadays the expression is used both humorously and cuttingly. Tennessee Williams has Stanley use it in a tirade against Blanche: You come in here and sprinkle the place with powder and spray perfume and cover the light-bulb with a paper lantern, and lo and behold the place has turned into Egypt and you are the Queen of the Nile! (Streetcar Named Desire, scene 10). Modern novelists probably wonââ¬â¢t find much use for the expression butââ¬Å"Lo and Behold!â⬠still has plenty of life in it for daily conversational use. People who use the expression in their blogs and online conversations may want to check the spelling. Historical novelists putting exclamations in the mouths of pre-19th century characters may want to stick to plain ââ¬Å"Lo!â⬠Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?Rules for Capitalization in TitlesHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-26260795968037128982019-11-21T05:49:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:49:09.747-08:00Finance Week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsFinance Week 2 - Essay Example I am pleased that we can use a financial calculator to help us, but if I am unsure about the variables then it wonââ¬â¢t help me much. For interest rates, I was previously unsure about how they are determined and why they can change so quickly. After going through Chapter 6, however, I now feel like I have a good grasp of it. 2. The financial ratio that I find easiest to understand is the single future cash flow ratio because it is very straightforward and there are no added variables. By that I mean that anyone with only a basic understanding of math would be able to comprehend it because the ratio follows a pattern. The hardest financial ratios to understand are those with multiple future cash flows because the answers can be unpredictable if there is a series of unequal amounts. The cash flow timeline helps me a lot because I can visualize each cash flow in terms of where it comes from and how it influences the overall outcome. The most difficult thing is trying to figure out where the investment problems variables fit into the equation. Once I have the right equation, I can usually solve for the unknown variable because then it just becomes a simple case of math. 3. The financial calculator is both useful and challenging for me at the same time. I like it because it helps me to find the correct answer in a short amount of time. If I have figured out all the variables, then I can simply plug the numbers in and the calculator will spit out the answer. The one problem that I have with it is that I sometimes donââ¬â¢t fully understand why it gave me a certain answer. If I was able to work through the problem step-by-step, then I would have a better understanding of it. 4. I would describe the current level of interest rates as moderately high. Although current inflation is relatively low due to the financial crisis, there is still a lot of risk in the marketplace, and this ensures that Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-68950161090903527562019-11-20T04:43:00.001-08:002019-11-20T04:43:04.684-08:00Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1Report - Assignment Example Any childrenââ¬â¢s right forums should relate existing human rights law to the particular circumstances of these children and develop existing laws to meet the specific needs of vulnerable children. It is the responsibility and rights of parents and educators to offer guidance in the implementation of rights of these children. They must develop an approach that, takes into account the childââ¬â¢s evolving capacities, such as age and self-realization. Self-identity can be explained as the descriptive characteristics, abilities, qualities, of a person. (Freeman, 2000) Listening to children talk about their right and rights of other, there is need to put in place more active ways of particularly identifying childrenââ¬â¢s views, mainly when it comes to conducting a research and educational practices. Children, and in particular young ones, should be allowed to express their views in any way possible even through childrenââ¬â¢s activities like drawing and orally. The meanings young ones attach to their experiences are rarely the meanings that the adults in charge of them would ascribe. (Bandman, 1999) The session will focus on the importance of understanding how children construct and develop their own sense of what their rights are and in what way they develop a sense of belonging within the community and family they come from. It will scrutinize the importance of early experiences in relation to their self-worth. The connection among the vision, belonging, and the shaping of childrenââ¬â¢s identity will be discussed, including the areas of attachment, social- cultural heritage, developing experiences and progressive relationship structure will be explored. Johnny is a seven-year-old boy in a kindergarten school, he is from a humble background, as the first-born child of four boys, and one girl he is curious about his surroundings. At this age, he can ask questions and seek answers about Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-14670851783610686802019-11-17T17:14:00.001-08:002019-11-17T17:14:07.299-08:00How to be an effective communicator Essay Example for Free How to be an effective communicator Essay Good communicators are not born they are created, and you cannot create one out of yourself overnight. You have to have constant practice and some rules to follow. Other than learning how to speak clearly and avoiding monotonous voice which will definitely play a big part to becoming the best in your chosen career, avoiding plagiarism is also an important thing to consider. What is plagiarism? à ââ¬Å"Is using ideas and/or words from a different person, claiming as ones own without proper credit to the real source (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)â⬠. à ââ¬Å"The inability to give credit and acknowledge ideas or phrases used in any paper, publication, or project submitted but gained from another person (http://english.la.psu.edu)â⬠. What are the different types of plagiarism? 1.à à à à à Word-for-word Plagiarizing ââ¬â ââ¬Å"happen when you try to change opening part of the sentence, so that the readers wonââ¬â¢t notice that the remaining of the entire paragraph is just a copy from the source (http://academics.hamilton.edu)â⬠. 2. Plagiarizing by paraphrase ââ¬â ââ¬Å"the same concept from the source are being followed in a close manner simply by just substituting and changing some words with your own words and sentenced for those of the original text (http://academics.hamilton.edu)â⬠. 3. The Source ââ¬â The writer should have proper citation about the source, it should be clear and exact. 4. Mosaic Plagiarism ââ¬â ââ¬Å"this is more complicated type of plagiarism, because phrases and words are actually from the source or original text and you just add some of your words (http://academics.hamilton.edu)â⬠. 5. Summary ââ¬â ââ¬Å"using quotation marks during an oral presentation and while writing a paper can help avoid plagiarism, but when overdone it will look like a patchwork and will resemble the original (Types of Plagiarism, http://la.psu.edu). à If it happened that almost the entire thing that you want to say came from one source, directly quote or paraphrase it so it will look better. But either way, introduce your borrowed words or ideas by pointing out that those ideas are from the author and followed them with citation inside the parenthesis (Types of Plagiarism, http://la.psu.edu)â⬠. How do we avoid them in oral presentation? Consider indicating direct quotation, by saying ââ¬Å"quoteâ⬠and follow it with ââ¬Å"unquoteâ⬠or ââ¬Å"close quoteâ⬠. Another approach is by saying: ââ¬Å"In her 1998 ownerââ¬â¢s guide, Airedale Terriers, trainer Dorothy Miner says the following about the origins of the Airedale Terrierâ⬠. If you are citing a saying from anonymous sources, you can say ââ¬Å"It is always said thatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ In oral presentation usually the citation is trimmed down to just the author, Title of the publication date and title. With all these information regarding plagiarism and proper citation Iââ¬â¢ am sure it will be a big help for you to start so to speak. But with constant practice and proper usage of voice, using proper intonation, correct stress on words, pronunciation and enunciation you can become one of the most effective communicator. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2559337632153932597.post-1934617982769399322019-11-15T05:46:00.001-08:002019-11-15T05:46:13.833-08:00Relationship Between Business and IT Strategies at PRASARelationship Between Business and IT Strategies at PRASA 1 Introduction 4.1 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM For almost three decades practitioners, academics, consultants, and research organizations have identified ââ¬Å"attaining alignment between IT and businessâ⬠as a pervasive problem, Luftman and Kempaiah (2007). Gutierrez,Nawazish,Orozco,Serrano and Yazdouni (2007) add that despite the wide acceptance of strategic alignment (the strategic use of Information Technology), there is no consensus on how to achieve alignment and with few references that detail the process, there is no common agreement on the term alignment. Terminology such as linkage Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) harmony, integrated, linked, and synchronocity Luftman and Kempaiah (2007) have been suggested and used. Steiner (1979b) points out that there no consensus as to the meaning of strategy in the business world. An example of the definitions which he uses include the following Steiner (1979a): Strategy is that what executives do they that empower the organization. Strategy is the direction the organization takes which is aligned with itââ¬â¢s purposes and missions. Strategy consists of the important activities necessary to realize these directions. Strategy answers the question: What should the organization be doing to achieve success? Strategy answers the question: What are the means to end? Mintzberg (1994), says that people use strategy in several different ways, the most common being: Strategy is a plan, a how, a means of getting from here to there. Strategy is a pattern in actions over time; for example, a company that regularly markets very expensive products is using a high end strategy. Strategy is perspective, that is, vision and direction. Strategy is position; that is, it reflects decisions to offer particular products or services in particular markets. Porter (1998) states that strategy positioning attempts to achieve sustainable competitive advantage by preserving what is distinctive about a company and that strategy, is the creation of a unique and valuable position, involving a different set of activities, requires that trade-offs be made in competing, to chose what not to do and involves creating ââ¬Å"fitâ⬠among a companyââ¬â¢s activities. Fit has to do with the ways a companyââ¬â¢s activities interact and reinforce one another. To improve the strategic management of information technology, Henderson and Venkatraman (1993), developed a framework which they called the Strategic Alignment Model (SAM). This model was defined in terms of four fundamental domains of strategic choice namely business strategy, information technology strategy, organizational infrastructure and processes and information technology infrastructure and processes. The model is defined in terms of two fundamental characteristics of strategic management namely the strategic fit (the interrelationship between external and internal components) and functional integration (integration between business and functional domains). Luftman (2001) improved on the Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) SAM model by developing the Strategic Alignment Maturity Model (SAMM). The model measures ITââ¬âbusiness alignment maturity. Six interrelated components for assessing alignment maturity are identified. These are communications, value, governance, partnership, scope and architecture and skills. The scores an organization achieves for these six components of maturity are then compared to a five-level maturity model to denote the organization IT-business alignment maturity Luftman (2001).The levels range from level one to level five where level five is the highest level of maturity. A higher alignment maturity correlates with higher firm performance measures Luftman (2001). Tying performance measures to strategic goals is a critical step Fonvielle and Carr (2001). A tool to measure performance and to align strategic goals within organisations is the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The BSC was developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992) to overcome the businessââ¬â¢s reliance on financial measures. They contend that reliance on only financial measures does not give a complete overview of the organisations measures. The BSC provided a framework to look at strategy, used for value creation from four different perspectives these being financial, customer, internal business process and innovation and learning Kaplan and Norton (1992).One of the principles recommended by the authors, is that for an organization to be focused on strategy, there needs to be alignment among departments to the strategy of the organisation. The alignment sequence recommended by Kaplan and Norton (2006) starts when the corporate headquarters articulates enterprise value proposition that wil l create synergies among operating units, support units and external partners. This sequence includes aligning IT strategy with the business strategy. 4.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM Business and IT strategies at PRASA need to be better aligned. 4.1 What is passenger rail agency of south africa (PRASA)? Appendix A, gives a comprehensive overview of the historical context and the introduction of PRASA taken from the companieââ¬â¢s business plan. Following is a summary of the key issues PRASA was created by Government to advance its agenda for the transformation of the public transport system into a vibrant, efficient one, As part of its strategy, PRASA (2009), to secure the future of its business, PRASA will focus its resources and energies during the current medium term expenditure framework (METF) on the following three Strategic Priorities: Service Excellence within Metrorail, Shosholoza Meyl and Autopax Property and Asset Development, and Technology Upgrade or Modernization of its key transport systems The key objectives identified by Government in addressing the challenges of passenger rail transport moving forward PRASA (2009) are as follows: Sustainable passenger rail service delivery; Improved performance of passenger rail services in terms of the quality and levels of services to passengers; Improved efficiency in the delivery of services; Improved effectiveness of asset management; Effective targeting of subsidies to achieve desired socio-economic transport objectives; Improved oversight by Government; and Improved accountability to the users. 4.1 Why prasa? PASSENGER TRANSPORT CHANGE IMPERATIVES 1..1 The Public Transport Challenge After many years of neglect, the existing commuter transport system, inherited from the apartheid past, has reached saturation levels and is unable to satisfy passenger demands while its infrastructure is not able to meet the requirements of a rapidly changing and modern society. The dysfunctional institutional arrangements have meant poor accountability in the provision of public transport services, which were found to be largely disempowering. Governmentââ¬â¢s socio-economic and transport policies could not be supported adequately by such institutional arrangements. The country is seeking to move away from the current commuter-based transport provision into a more integrated public transport system that meets growing and changing passenger demands in an efficient, effective and sustainable manner. The twin challenges for public transport is to simultaneously transform through meaningful integration whilst at the same time enhancing capacity through upgrading and modernization to meet long-term need PRASA (2009). 1..2 Inadequate Passenger Service Provision Passenger rail in South Africa faces many challenges as a result of a long history of inadequate investment in rail rolling stock, infrastructure and operations as well as the loss of appropriate managerial and technical (engineering) skills within the industry. The shortage of such critical skills has a direct negative impact on the delivery of services. In the urbanising metropolitan areas the provision of new rail corridors has not kept pace with the rapidly changing urban landscape resulting in limited coverage in key areas of urban expansion with the consequential loss of significant market share. Over time, commuter rail services have continued to fail to respond adequately to changing passenger demands PRASA (2009). 1..3 Customer-Centric Delivery A dynamic and customer-centric public transport system is required where passengers contribute to and shape the service delivery agenda. The need for a Passenger or Quality Charter and the emergence of strong, vibrant structures championing both the interests of passengers and public transport transformation are vital to the development of a public transport system that will effectively respond to the travelling needs of passengers. The past few years has seen the emergence of vibrant, community-based structures championing public transport transformation and demanding quality services from Government and transport service providers. This movement seems to be growing and shows the determination of South Africans to participate in the construction of a transport system that will effectively respond to their demands PRASA (2009). 4.1 PRASA Vision, Mission Values Vision A provider of integrated public transport solutions for improved mobility Two fundamental principles underpin the vision:- Integration ââ¬â PRASA should facilitate integrating individuals and communities, enabling a better quality of life through access to socioeconomic opportunities Mobility Solutions ââ¬â PRASA should connect individuals and communities through the provision of public transport solutions that are founded on an integrated network of mobility routes PRASA (2009) Mission Sustainable Public Transport Solutions through Service Excellence, Innovation and Modal Integration PRASA (n.d.) The mission reflects four key intentions:- Service excellence ââ¬â superior performance that is safe, reliable and affordable, that makes a lasting impression, and builds brand loyalty ââ¬â both internally (employees) and externally (customers) ââ¬â that adds benefit to the passenger. Sustainability a focus on sustainable development in business that considers not just the financial ââ¬Ëbottom lineââ¬â¢ of prosperity and profit, but also the other ââ¬Ëbottom linesââ¬â¢ of environmental quality and social equity. Mobility solutions ââ¬â reframing the basis of business delivery, favouring innovation, integration and partnerships Integration ââ¬â safe, seamless dignified travel experiences across all modes of public transport, PRASA (n.d.) Values The values that will guide PRASA, which will underpin the performance ethos of the organization derived from and are guided by the fundamental and progressive human values of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa:- Service Excellence, Participation, Integrity, Fairness and Innovation, PRASA (2009) 4.1 OPPORTUNITY FOR Passenger Services 1..1 Commuter Rail Services The provision of efficient and affordable public passenger transport services is integral to Governmentââ¬â¢s drive to create employment opportunities, stimulate economic development and reduce levels of poverty. Enhanced mobility will facilitate greater access to socio-economic opportunities for the urban and rural poor whilst contributing to an efficient transport system to the benefit of all South Africans ââ¬â highlighting the need for a vibrant public passenger transport network to support sustainable growth and development PRASA (2009). Commuter rail has the potential to be the most efficient, affordable and safe mode of travel. It plays a significant role in key Metropolitan areas such as Cape Town and has the potential to become an important public transport player in all metropolitan areas, significantly contributing to an efficient and reliable public transport system in these areas. Despite the acknowledged increase in the growth of car-ownership and usage, public transport and walking continue to dominate the mobility needs of the majority of South Africans and this is likely to continue for the next decade. Metropolitan areas in South Africa are experiencing rapid urbanization. Rail is in a unique position to facilitate greater integration between land use planning and transport infrastructure provision, and providing security, to private and public sector investment, of stable long-term public transport provision. This is vital to creating sustainable communities where peoples access to economic and social o pportunities is improved. In this context, railway lines need to be positioned, located, aligned with evolving spatial developments and formalised within the statutory planning processes undertaken primarily by local government. The creation of PRASA and the integration of rail and road-based transport services will, over time, provide the user with public transport choices ââ¬â moving away from a market of captive users to one where dignified travel choice is a real option PRASA (2009). 1..2 Inter-City / Regional Passenger Services Historically, long distance rail and road based services have not received the attention required to make them demand responsive in key market areas including migrant workers, students, tourists and occasional travellers. The Department of Transportââ¬â¢s Public Transport Strategy Action Plan notes that: There is a significant potential for the growth in migrant worker long distance public transport provision. The dominant generators of migrant movement are Gauteng and KZN The increase in tourism provides opportunities for segmenting the market that build upon the strengths of both long distance rail and coach operations. Rural areas in South Africa are undergoing a process of economic and social restructuring with a shift in emphasis towards rural trade and agro-processing. These factors reinforce the need for a public transport service sector that responds to the emerging needs of these rural / regional development nodes since transport links between the rural trade areas and t he rural regions (hinterlands) remains unreliable, rendering access to services and emerging economic opportunities extremely difficult. This lack of access will continue to trap many in the poverty cycle. Governmentââ¬â¢s decision to consolidate passenger rail entities and road-based long distance bus services into a single entity, PRASA, reporting to the Department of Transport are underpinned by a number of key drivers. The recognition by Government that rail consolidation was required to deal with the under-performance of rail passenger services as well as the historical under-investment in the passenger rail business. Institutional arrangements did not promote efficiency and accountability and significant change was required to overcome the inherent institutional dysfunctions that had been created. Confusion existed between the contractor and regulatory functions implicitly embodied in the SARCC/Transnet relationship PRASA (2009). The critical need for sustainable funding to reverse the decline in commuter rail levels of service being experienced by commuters has been identified. This funding profile was captured in the National Rail Plan, which was accepted by Cabinet in December 2006, where the funding and investment requirements were identified for passenger rail over the following ten years PRASA (2009). 4.1 PRASA Objective PRASA (n.d.) primary objective is: To ensure that at the request of the Department of Transport, rail commuter services are provided within, to and from the Republic in the public interest; and To provide, in consultation with the Department of Transport, for long haul passenger rail and bus services within, to and from the Republic in terms of the principles set out in section 4 of the National Land Transport Transition Act, 2000 (Act No.22 of 2000)â⬠.. 4.1 Strategy of prasa PRASA (2009) objectives are supportive of the Board of Controlââ¬â¢s (BOC) key performance areas as seen in figure 2 below Figure 2 Key Performance Area and Strategic Objectives 4.1 CHALLENGES FACING PRASA 1..1 Consolidation / Turnaround / Restructuring The sequential amalgamation, in quick succession, of the SARCC, Metrorail, Shosholoza Meyl and Autopax bring with it the normal challenges that are posed when merging disparate organizations in related but different operational arenas. A key driver in Governmentââ¬â¢s decision to consolidate these entities into a single delivery arm of the DOT was to effect operational and asset ââ¬Å"turnaroundâ⬠of what were acknowledged to be declining businesses, albeit, some with the potential for growth. Linked with both these processes is the need to internally restructure the various businesses to align them with the new mandate given to PRASA through the amendment to the Legal Succession Act that was promulgated on 23 December 2008 PRASA (2009). 1..2 Sustainable Funding The ability to provide the requisite level of funding (substantial) to address both the investment capital and rapidly expanding operational requirements to affect the mandate is fundamental to the successful performance of PRASA. The integrated passenger transport plan requirements will need to be developed. Fully motivated funding requirements, covering both operations and investment capital, in line with the 5-year financial plan requirements of the various Integrated Transport Plans (ITPs), will be developed to begin to align the funding requirements with statutory plan requirements. The approved funding base makes no provision for two key activities that need to be accommodated: The incorporation of Autopax, an operating company that is currently materially dependent upon Transnet Limited for funding to re-capitalize and sustain the business going forward. The acquisition of new rolling stock. Analysis has indicated that the rolling stock refurbishment and upgrading programs are not maintaining pace with the requirements to buy time before the inevitable purchasing of new fleet becomes unavoidable. While the profile reflects a rising trend in investment funding support, the allocation of these funds to the different asset classes (Rolling Stock Infrastructure) will need to be reviewed. A careful balance needs to be struck to ensure that the sustainability of the asset base is not compromised PRASA (2009). 1..3 Ageing Rolling Stock and Infrastructure PRASA (2009) reports that the prolonged under-investment in passenger rail of almost thirty years is manifestly experienced in the deterioration of the general rail asset i.e. Rolling Stock and Infrastructure (Signalling and telecommunications, electrical systems, perway). This has resulted in a situation where services are experiencing continued decline, primarily due to poor availability and reliability of rolling stock and ageing infrastructure. The lack of investment in the asset base has also had a negative impact in the skills base of the passenger rail industry over a period of time. For example, the average age profile of commuter coaches is 40 years and has been left behind by international advancements in rail technology over the past few decades. The life expectancy of railway rolling stock is of the order of 54 years. The railway industry norms are that the coaches will be upgraded at half life (27 years) and overhauled every 9 years, so as to ensure the structural and su b-systems integrity is not compromised by metal fatigue, age, wear and tear or environmental condition. Thirty-three percent (33%) of the commuter rail fleet is already above 36 years and therefore would be uneconomical to upgrade. 1..4 Human Capital Development Human capital development is generally understated and under-rated in supporting the development of an organization. It is a multi-faceted process that requires clear understanding to enable human capabilities to be built that will support the key performance drivers of the business and ultimately the business results that can be expected from that performance. The key challenge for PRASA is to formulate human capital development processes that facilitate and fast-track the appropriate human capital capabilities at all levels within the organization that will enable delivery on the key drivers of which, in the case of PRASA are : increased productivity (operational efficiencies), improved service quality (service excellence), customer focus and innovation in the provision of integrated public transport solutions The nature of the various operational divisions, while related and providing synergistic opportunities for service co-operation and delivery, are by their very nature, different business environments, each requiring a specific set of human capabilities to perform optimally. PRASA needs to provide guidance in the process framework that delivers this requirement PRASA (2009). 1..5 Change Management The finalisation of the PRASA consolidation process, the turnaround and restructuring necessitate that a number of parallel change management processes are undertaken. Numerous change management processes will be identified that are needed to combine the five organizations into a consolidated organization. The very ability of PRASA to ensure effective implementation of such processes becomes critical as is the capacity of the organization (including divisions and subsidiaries) to manage them successfully PRASA (2009). 1..6 Leadership Skills Development There is currently an acknowledged shortage of key skills as well as a lack of depth of skills in critical areas within the organization. For PRASA to meet the expanded mandate of supporting governmentââ¬â¢s socio-economic and transport objectives in both urban and rural contexts, the organization will need a focused approach to human capital development, on leadership development, talent management and the progressive training of a strong base of key skills that will lay the foundation for sustaining rail passenger transport sector PRASA (2009). 1..7 Rail Technology Development PRASA, of necessity, will need to become a technology based organization that blends best practice policies with intelligent asset management philosophies to leverage organisational productivity and efficiency gains to provide shareholder value. PRASA recognises that technology upgrade is critical to the modernisation of South Africaââ¬â¢s railways and is well aware that the capacity for technology upgrade may not be immediately available in South Africa or the African Continent as a whole. Technological obsolescence is a major factor that will inhibit PRASA from delivering on its mandate. A rail technical strategy that guides technological renewal, upgrading, replacement and development over the next 30 years is a critical requirement. The average age of the metropolitan rail commuter networks/system in South Africa ranges between 60 80 years and still supports 1940/50ââ¬â¢s technology. The system in SA is showing serious age related condition decline with increasing systemic risks and technological obsolescence. Railway systems are designed for an extended economic life, but it is acknowledged that the current ad hoc investment flows into the ageing system in South Africa are not productive in terms of future demand, operational performance requirements and escalating maintenance costs. Global technology advancement in rail has moved beyond the limited application of heavy rail, regional and long distance passenger rail. Various new rail based technologies of alternative applications have evolved globally to ensure the competitiveness and attractiveness of rail solutions. If South Africa is serious about ensuring environmentally friendly and energy efficient transportation for its cities to counter growth in private vehicle travel, congestion and spiralling cost of fossil fuels, a selective conversion of appropriate new and improved rail based and mass transit technologies needs to be evaluated, introduced, and established in South Africa ensuring that these take their place in the hierarchy of public transport service provision. The technological needs of PRASA over the next 30 years need to be clearly articulated and incorporated into PRASAââ¬â¢s long-term planning if passenger rail is to be sustained over the longer-term. The development of a rail technology strategy, together with the appropriate migration requirements over this period will assist in guiding decision-making in much critical technology upgrade or replacement areas within the organisation. The phased implementation of the strategy will be captured in each of the Business Plans roll-outs over time PRASA (2009). 4.1 RESEARCH AIM, QUESTION, SUB-QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES Research Aim The aim of this research is to understand to what extent alignment between Business and IT strategies exists, at the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA). Research Questions The research question derived from the problem statement is What can PRASA do to improve business and IT strategies, alignment? The sub questions to answer the main question are: What are business and IT strategies? What is alignment between business and IT strategies? What factors contribute to an alignment gap between business and IT strategies? What factors contributes to an improved alignment between business and IT strategies? Objectives of the research Based on the sub questions the objectives of the research are to 1. Analyse the Businessââ¬â¢s and IT strategy 2. Carry out a literature review on the alignment between Business and IT strategies. 3. Analyse the factors that contribute towards Alignment Gap 4. a. Establish strategic alignment best practice. b. Formulate a methodology for aligning Business and IT strategies. c. Propose recommendations to improve PRASAââ¬â¢s Business and IT strategies alignment. 4.1 CURRENT STATUS OF THE RESEARCH AREA The literature review will be based on the research into alignment of business and IT strategies. There is a plethora of research available on the alignment of business and IT strategies. Chan and Reich (2007) have carried out comprehensive research on this topic. 4.1 Business and IT strategies 1..1 Business Strategies Croteau and Bergeron (2001) define business strategy as ââ¬Å"the outcomes of decisions made to guide an organisation with respect to the environment, structure and processes that influence itââ¬â¢s organisational performanceâ⬠. Hambrick (1980) states that business strategies may be textual, multivariate or typological. Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) architects of the SAM model, view strategy as involving both strategy formulation (decisions pertaining to competitive, product market choices) and strategy implementation (choices that pertain to the structure and capabilities of the firm to execute itââ¬â¢s product market choices).The SAM model presents two business strategy perspectives where business strategy is the driver namely strategic execution, and technology transformation. figure 3 presents the key attributes of these perspectives. Figure 3 Attributes of Business Strategy perspectives (Henderson Venkatraman 1993) One of the six components of the SAMM Luftman and Kempaiah (2007), is partnership which includes ITââ¬â¢s role in defining the businessââ¬â¢s strategies. Both of these models (SAM and SAMM) are about aligning business and IT strategies and can be criticised because it does not define what business strategy is. Kay (1996) says that there is much debate on the substance but that Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16728251606003420566noreply@blogger.com0